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Vocabulary Chapter 8 Heredity and Genetic Variation probability The chance that an event will occur, usually expressed as a mathematical formula. Example: There is a one in two probability that the new baby will be a boy. dominant A trait that shows the visible characteristic in an organism receiving different traits from each parent. Example: Brown eyes are a dominant trait. allele One of two or more possible or alternative forms of a gene, each one impacting the hereditary trait somewhat differently. Examples: wrinkled or smooth peas, short or long stems, yellow or green pods (all in the same species of pea plant) genotype The genetic composition of an organism. Example: The genotype of this person for eye color is Xx. phenotype The outward appearance of genetic traits. Example: The student has brown eyes. homozygous An organism which has the exact same alleles for a given trait. Examples: The brown-eyed student has an XX genotype and the blue-eyed student has an xx genotype. Both are homozygous. heterozygous An organism which has two different alleles for a given trait. Examples: The brown-eyed student has an Xx genotype and the green-eyed student has a xX genotype. Both are heterozygous. hybrid A heterozygous organism containing different two different alleles (one from each parent) for a particular trait. Example: The hybrid corn is disease resistant. incomplete dominance A situation in which the outward trait of the organism is a blend or mix of the individual traits of the parents. Example: The pink morning glory comes from a white and a red set of parents. codominance A situation in which the makeup or appearance (phenotype) of the different alleles in a heterozygous organism is visible. Example: The blood type ABO is a combination of three different alleles. Down’s syndrome A condition in humans in which the individual contains 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. It results in developmental difficulties for the individual. fruit fly A small, rapidly reproducing fly used to study genetics through observable variable traits. recombinant DNA A type of DNA that contains parts of different parent DNA molecules formed by a process of combining the DNA from each parent. chromatography A process used by scientists to separate mixtures for the purpose of identification of the ingredients. Example: The biologist used paper chromatography to determine the ingredients of the mystery mixture. electrophoresis A process which makes use of an electric current to separate various molecules such as proteins or DNA. Example: The biologist used electrophoresis to isolate the protein sample taken from the patient. linked Genes that are inherited together are said to be linked.