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Cell Unit
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__________________________: The structural and functional building blocks of all organisms.
____________________________________: First scientist to describe the cell (1665)
Examined a thin slice of ________________________ (plant), observed the rectangular units that composed the
structure.
Called the cell the “cell” because it resembled the monk bedchamber.
Cell Theory
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1- Cells are the smallest structure that perform the processes essential to _____________________, including food
consumption, waste production, and the creation of new cells through reproduction.
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2- All cells arise form the division of _________________________________ cells
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3- Every organisms is made up of _______________________________________________
What are Cells Made of?
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Four macromolecules: _______________________________________________________________.
Each macromolecule performs a specific ____________________________ in the cell function.
___________________________________molecules are essentials to many of the cells function
Multicellular Organisms
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Have different types of cells must work ___________________________to keep the organisms alive and
functioning.
ALL cells carry the necessary hardware contained in their ____________________, for every other task being
performed inside the organism.
We all started off as one cell: a ______________________________ formed fusion of sperm and egg.
Cell Differentiation
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The zygote will continue to divide with the ___________________________________.
Each cell eventually takes on _________________________– e.g. brain cells, muscle cells, blood cells, & etc
Example: A stem cell is a cell that has not yet gone through the process of cell differentiation. Many scientist believe
that stem cell research could hold the key to curing spinal cord injuries, among other disorders. In theory, if a stem
cell can be manipulated, it can be made to grow into new nerve tissue
Microscopes
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Most ________________________________ are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
_______________________________________: Bend and magnify visible light that passes through the specimen.
_______________________________________: uses electrons to scan the surface of a specimen that has been
coated with metal
_____________________________________: uses electrons to scan the internal structure of a thinly structure of a
thinly sliced specimen
Light microscopes and electron microscopes have different powers of ____________________________ and
resolving powers.
___________________________________ refers to the increase in the visual size of an object.
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__________________________________________: refers to the clarity of the magnified image.
Electron microscopes have a higher resolution and greater powers of ________________________________
Types of Cells
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________________________________Cells: are small, simple cells that lack membrane bound organelles and have
very little internal division of labor
_________________________________Cells: are more complex cells with membrane-bound organelles units that
perform specific tasks
Similarities in the cells
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1- ___________________________________: that surrounds the entire cell and separates it from the environment.
2- __________________________________: the substance between the cell membrane and the region of DNA. It is
made up of cytosol, which is the fluid-like material that fills the celland can include cell components such as
organelles, macromolecules, ions, and filaments
3- ____________________________the genetic material of the organisms
________________________________Smaller and simpler
No membrane bound ____________________________________
No central nucleus containing __________________________.
Instead of a nucleus, their DNA is concentrated in a region called a ________________________________.
______________________________________ are the only two domains of organisms composed of prokaryotic cells
Most __________________________ organisms and are always a single cell organism.
Some cells form ______________________________ in which labor is divided among specialized cells
Earliest life forms on Earth and are highly adaptable, found in the ________________________ environments today.
_____________________________________Have membrane bound nucleus
Contains chromosomes, pieces of ___________________________that are tightly folded up by proteins.
Membrane bound_________________________________
The remaining substance of the cell consist of cytoplasm, which includes _________________________,
_________________________________and materials suspended in it.
______________________________________Perform functions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
_____________________________________ are not membrane bound.
Each has function very similar to a___________________________________ in our body.
Cell Organelles and Function
Organelles and Function
Cell Walls
Nucleoid
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Vesicles
Golgi Bodies
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Vacuoles
Lysosome
Centrioles
Microtubules
Flagella and cilia
Cell City Metaphor
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Nucleus:
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Ribosome:
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Endoplasmic Reticulum:
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Golgi Apparatus:
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Lysosome:
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Vacuoles:
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Mitochondria:
Membrane Structure
 ___________________________ is responsible for maintaining an internal environment for the cell by regulating
what enters and leaves the cell
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Membrane Proteins
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In eukaryotic cells, selective entry and exit of other molecules occurs through proteins embedded in the
_______________________________________ of the cell membrane.
Also Called the ________________________________
Phospholipids bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipids so that their nonpolar tails form the interior of the
membrane and the polar heads face outward.
The phospholipids bilayer forms an effective barrier to all but the smallest nonpolar molecules, such as
_____________________ and ___________________________________.
_____________________________________________Proteins: Not implanted into the cell
______________________________________ or Channel Proteins: Transport molecules into or out of the cell
____________________________________ Proteins: receive or relay chemical messages between cells
_________________________________ proteins: facilitate cell-to-cell recognition by identifying a cell’s function or
origin to other cell
Are particularly crucial in sorting cells in an embryo into tissues and organs and rejecting or accepting foreign cells in
transplanted organs
_________________________________ Proteins: implanted within the lipid bilayer.
_______________________________ proteins: interact with the cytoskeleton of the cell to stabilize the cell
membrane
Form ___________________________________ and _______________________________ that help attach to cells
to each other
__________________________________________: the degree to which substances can pass through a cell’s
membrane.
____________________________________: describe the cell membrane by only allowing certain material in or out
of the cell.
Because of the semipermeable the cell membrane then a concentration gradient exist.
___________________________________________: Some substances are present on one side of the membrane in
higher concentration than on the other side.
All substances naturally move down their concentration gradient from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration, without the use of____________________________________________.
___________________________________________ against a concentration gradient is possible only with the
Passive Transport
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______________________________________________Is the movement down the concentration gradient. NO
ENERGY is expended in this activity.
Four ways to move material through passive transport:
1- ______________________________: Particles move spontaneously from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
Only small, unchanged particles, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some ions
2-_________________________________: particles move spontaneously across the cell membrane from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of special transport proteins.
Permits large molecules and charged molecules, such as glucose, through the cell membrane.
3- ______________________________: allows water to diffuse across the cell membrane from area of higher water
concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
Tonicity
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_________________________ or relative solute concentration of cell determines the direction in which osmosis
occurs.
Water diffuses from an area of ____________________ toncity (high water, low solutes) to area of
___________________ tonicity (lower water, higher solutes)
_______________________________ affects the turgidity of cells, different solution can affect the cells internal
water amounts
__________________________________ occurs in plants cells as their central vacuoles fill with water.
Types of Osmotic Solutions
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______________________________: equal amount solute inside and outside of the cell.
o Cell will stay ________________________
o Plant cell- will become limp
________________________________ More solute on the outside of the cell
o Water will move out of the cell
o Cell will shrivel up (animal)
o Plant cell __________________________________ (wilt and death)
_______________________________: More solute inside the cell
o Water will move in the cell
o Cell will burst
o Plants will have_______________________________ (exerts pressure) (Normal for plant cells)
Osmosis without walls
Osmosis with walls
Active Transport
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__________________________________Cells must actively transport substances being up against the
concentration gradient.
This movement requires the cell to _______________________________ energy and is enabled through the use of
carrier proteins, which bind to a substance and shuttle it through pores in the cell membrane.
______________________ Proteins can perform two methods of active transport:
o _____________________________: Occurs when proteins bring substances into the cell through the
vacuoles or vesicles.
o _________________________________: consumption of solid matter
o ______________________________: consumption of liquid
o ___________________________________: occurs when carrier proteins remove substances from the cell
through the vacuoles or vesicles
 Insulin delievered from the cell to the blood stream
Cellular Connection and communications
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The cells of multicellular organisms must stay bound _________________________to keep the organisms intact.
These cells must also be able to communicate and cooperate with each other to function as a single organisms
The __________________________________ is extremely important in the regulation of intracellular
communication and cooperation
The following structures connect different eukaryotic cells to each other:
_____________________________________: are materials secreted by animals cells that surround and bind them
together.
o Thick and strong extracellular matrix surrounds bone cells.
________________________________________________or occluding junctions: Bind cells so tightly together that
molecules cannot pass between them.
o Small intestine: to prevent substances from leaking into other parts of the body.
_________________________________________: Connect the cytoskeleton of two or more cells.
o Cells for greater mobility than connective materials and are common tissue that needs to be flexible, such as
skin and muscles.
_____________________________cells possess structures that facilitate cell-to-cell communication.
These structures differ in plant and animal cells.
_____________________________________: are molecular channels that exist between adjacent plant cells.
__________________________________________: are molecular channels that exist between animal cells