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Transcript
! Chromosomes!are!made!of!_______________!to!_________________!of!__________________.! UNIT!5!–!Genetics,!Complex!Inheritance!and!Human!Heredity! Section!10.1!Importance!of!Meiosis! Section!10.2!Mendelian!Genetics! ! Main!Idea!–!Mendel!Explained!How!a!Dominant!Allele!Can!Mask!the! Presence!of!a!Recessive!Allele! ! OBJECTIVE!1!–!RELATE!THE!TERMS!TRAITS!AND!GENES!TO!ONE! ANOTHER!AND!DESCRIBE!MENDEL’S!MONOHYBRID!CROSS!WHILE! APPLYING!THE!TERMS!HYBRID,!P1,!F1,!AND!F2! ! Each!_______________!can!have!several!_____________________________!called! ____________________________.!Humans!have!____________!chromosomes,!getting! _____________!from!each!___________________.!!In!species!that!reproduce! ___________________________,!each!______________!contains!_______________!variants!of! each!__________________________,!one!_____________________!from!each!parent.!!This! will!give!rise!to!new!__________________________!of!chromosome!pairs!with! Define!!the!following!terms:! variations!between!parent!and!offspring.! Allele:!_________________________________________________________________________________! Homologous!Chromosome:__________________________________________________________! _________________________________________________________________________________________! Humans!have!___________________________!of!__________________________!chromosomes.! Heredity:______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________! Hybrid:!________________________________________________________________________________! Genetics:______________________________________________________________________________! Genes:_________________________________________________________________________________! ! Overview!of!Mendel’s!Observations:!and!Their!Significance:! ! ____________________________!is!the!branch!of!biology!that!studies!how!traits!are!! ! inherited.!!________________________!offspring!results!from!parents!that!have!! ! different!forms!of!________________________!for!certain!traits.!!Mendel’s!! ! ____________________________________________!states!that!every!individual!has!two!! ! alleles!of!each!gene!and!when!gametes!are!produced,!each!gamete!receives!! ! one!of!these!alleles.!!Mendel’s!_______________________________________________________! ! states!that!genes!for!different!traits!are!inherited!independently!of!each!other.! ! ! ! ! ! 1! ! 2! Main!Idea!–!How!Genetics!Began!(Page!277)! Describe!how!a!plant!selfEpollinates.! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! Infer!why!Mendel!used!crossEpollination!to!study!inheritance.! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! ! Main!Idea!–!The!Inheritance!of!Traits!(Pages!277\280)! Analyze!Mendel’s!experiment!with!greenEseed!and!yellowEseed!peas!plants! by!completing!the!summary!paragraph.! ! Mendel!used!only!______________________________________!!lines,!which!consistently! ! produced!the!same!trait!in!the!offspring.!!He!controlled!variables!by! ! _____________________________________________________.!!When!he!crossed!a!greenEseed! ! plant!with!a!yellowEseed!plant,!the!F1!offspring!were!__________________%!yellow! ! and!__________%!green.!!He!allowed!the!F1!plants!to!_______________________________! ! to!produce!___________!plants.!!!F2!plants!are!___________%!yellow!and!__________!%! ! green.!!Mendel!concluded!that!each!trait!has!two!forms,!called!_________________.! ! Mendel!called!yellow!seed!color!the!___________________________!form!and!green! ! seed!color!the!_________________________________!form!of!the!trait.! ! ! ! ! ! ! OBJECTIVE!2!–!Describe!Mendel’s!Law!of!Dominance!as!it!Applies!to! Monohybrid!Crosses!and!Use!the!Terms!Hybrid,!P1,!F1!,!and!F2! ! ! 3! ! Compare!and!contrast!each!pair!of!terms!by!defining!them!and/or!noting! their!differences:! dominant!trait! recessive!trait! ! ! ! ! ! genotype! phenotype! ! ! ! ! ! homozygous! heterozygous! ! ! ! ! ! ! When!recording!the!results!of!genetic!crosses,!use!the!same!________________!for! different!____________________!of!the!same!gene.!!An!___________________case!letter!is! used!for!____________________!traits!and!a!________________!case!letter!is!used!for! __________________________!traits.! Compare!genotypes!and!phenotypes!of!pea!plants.! Genotype! Homozygous!or! Heterozygous! ! ! ! homozygous! ! ! ! heterozygous! yy! ! ! ! Phenotype! 4! ! You!won’t!always!know!the!organisms!_________________________!by!looking!at!its! ___________________________________.! Law!of!Dominance:!__________________________________________________________________! __________________________________________________________________________________________! OBJECTIVE!3!–!Describe!Mendel’s!Laws!Of!Segregation!! ! Law!of!Segregation:__________________________________________________________________! __________________________________________________________________________________________! Because!of!the!Law!of!segregation,!the!parent!passes!on!at!______________________! only!___________!allele!for!each!__________________!to!each!offspring.!During! ______________________,!two!alleles!for!that!_________________!unite,!to!produce! _________________________!for!that!specific!trait.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Main!Idea!–!Punnett!Squares!and!Probability!(Pages!280\282)! ! Objectives!4!and!5:!Differentiate!Between!a!Monohybrid!and!a!Dihybrid! Cross!and!be!able!to!Work!out!the!Possible!results!of!Various!Types!of! Genetic!Crosses.!!Be!able!to!discus!the!Probability!of!Experimental! Results! ! Complete!the!Punnett!!Squares!and!determine!the!genotypic!and!phenotypic! ratios.!!Tall!plants!(T)!are!dominant!over!short!(t)!plants.! ! ! T! T! t! ! ! ! t! ! ! ! ! Genotypic!ratio:________________________!!!Phenotypic!ratio:__________________________!! ! ! T! t! T! ! ! ! t! ! ! ! ! ! Genotypic!ratio:________________________!!!Phenotypic!ratio:__________________________!! ! Law!of!Independent!Assortment:_________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! Demonstrate!the!Law!of!Independent!assortment!by!listing!the!4!alleles!that! are!produced!when!a!pea!plant!with!the!genotype!RrYy!produces!gametes.! ! 1.!!_______________!! !!!!2.!!_______________!!!!!3.!!!!_______________!! !!4.!!________________! ! 5! ! 6! The!random!assortment!results!in!______________!possible!gametes,!each!of! which!is!equally!likely!to!occur.! ! To!identify!the!possible!gametes!from!the!parent!RrYy!remember!to!foil:! ! First:!___________!!Outside:____________!!Inside:!________________!!last:!_________________! ! Identify!the!genotypes!within!the!Punnett!square!showing!the!dihybrid!cross! of!seed!color!and!seed!texture.!!The!first!row!has!been!done!for!you.!!Write!the! expected!phenotypic!ratio.! ! ! YR! yR! Yr! yr! YR! ! ! ! ! ! yR! ! ! ! ! ! Yr! ! ! ! ! ! yr! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! Phenotypic!ratio:______________________________________________________________________! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! ! Punnett!squares!show!the!possible!genetic!and!_______________!combinations!of! PROBABILITY! 2!coins,!both!tails! ½!x!½!=!1/4! 2!coins,!heads!&!tails! 1/4!+!1/4!=!1/2! ! Results!of!predicted!probability!are!more!________________!to!be!seen!when!the! sample!number!or!___________________!number!of!offspring!are!seen.! Objective!6:!Discuss!How!Meiosis!Explains!Mendel’s!Results! Today,!Mendel’s!Laws!of!Heredity!form!the!__________________________!of!modern!! __________________.! 1. The!segregation!of!____________________________!in!________________________!of! meiosis!explains!Mendel’s!observation!that!each!parent!gives!_______________! for!each!trait!at!__________________________!to!each!offspring,!regardless!of! whether!the!allele!is!__________________________________.! 2. The!____________________________!of!chromosomes!at!random!in!________________! in!__________________________!explains!Mendel’s!observation!that!factors,!or! the!____________________!and!the!_____________________!that!they!will!occur.! __________________________,!for!different!traits!are!inherited!____________________! ! of!one!another.! Genetics!follow!the!rules!of!_______________________!or!probability;!in!reality!you! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! don’t!often!get!the!______________________!ratio.!!!Inheriting!alleles!follows!the! rules!of!chance!similar!to!flipping!a!coin.! ! ! ! 7! ! 8! Section!10.3!Gene!Linkage!and!Polyploidy! ! Objective!7:!Define!Genetic!Recombination!and!Gene!Linkage!and! Explain!How!Gene!Linkage!can!be!Used!to!Create!Chromosome!Maps! ! Genetic!recombination!\!___________________________________________________________! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! !! __________________________________________________________________________________________! ! polyploidy!\!__________________________________________________________________________! Main!Idea!–!Genetic!Recombination!(Page!283)! ! Calculate!the!number!of!chromosome!combinations!due!to!independent! assortment!by!filling!in!the!chart.!!Use!the!formula!2n.! ! Species! Chromosome! Possible!Combinations! Number!(n)! Pea! 7! 27!=!126! ! Housefly! 6! ! ! Frog! ! 13! ! ! You! ! 23! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Main!Idea!–!Gene!Linkage!and!Chromosome!Maps!(Pages!283\285)! Summarize!information!about!genetic!recombination!creating!a!concept!map! using!the!terms!below:! E chromosome! E!genetic!recombination!!!!!!!!!! E!genetic!variation! E meiosis!(2)! ! E!independent!assortment! ! ! Crossing!over! ! ! ! ! ! 9! ! during! of! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! LLeads!to! d during! ! ! ! L Leads!to! ! ! Which! increases! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10! Complete!the!paragraph!about!gene!linkage!using!the!terms!below:! ! E chromosomes! E!farther! ! !!!!!E!inherited! E!sequence! E crossing!over! E!individual!genes!!!!!!E!linked! ! Genes!close!together!on!the!same!chromosome!are!_______________________.!!!! ! Linked!genes!are!usually!__________________________!together.!!_______________________! ! Not!________________________________!!______________________,!follow!Mendel’s!law!of!! ! independent!assortment.!!Linked!genes!might!become!separated,!as!a!result!of! ! ___________________________!!__________________.!!Crossing!over!is!more!likely!to!! ! happen!if!genes!are!_________________________!apart!on!a!chromosome.! ! Analyze!whether!the!gene!linkage!is!an!exception!to,!or!an!example!of,! Mendel’s!Law!of!Independent!assortment.!!Give!an!example!from!the!book.! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________________________!! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________________________!! ! __________________________!map!percentages!are!not!actual!chromosome! Objective!8:!Define!the!Term!Nondisjunction!and!Discuss!its!Various! Effects!in!regards!to!Polyploidy! ! Nondisjunction:!_____________________________________________________________________! ________________________!,!but!represent!relative!_____________________!of!the!_________! with!_________________________!don’t!survive.!An!example!of!a!monosomy!that!is! The!____________________!the!cross!over!_________________________,!the!farther!________! not!lethal!is!________________________!syndrome.!!Females!only!have!a!single!______! The!two!genes!are.! Chromosome!instead!of!_______________________.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11! Occasionally,!__________!chromosomes!of!a!_______________________!pair!move!to!! the!_____________________________.!!The!result!of!nondisjunction!is!a!________________! in!the!usual!______________________!of!_______________________!in!a!____________________! cell.!!Nondisjunction!can!occur!in!_________________________________________________.! Define:! Trisomy:!______________________________________________________________________________! _________________________________________________________________________________________! Most!trisomy’s!are!_________________________________________,!but!trisomy!21!is!one! of!the!few.! Define:! Monosomy:____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________! The!____________________!lacks!a!_________________________.!In!humans,!most!zygotes! ! 12! Main!Idea!–!Polyploidy!(Page!285)! ! Define:! Polyploidy:_____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________! Polyploidy!is!___________________!in!animals!and!__________________!lethal!to!a! human!_________________________.!!Polyploidy!is!common!in!plants!and!the! _________________!from!these!plants!tend!to!be!_______________________!and! ________________________.!!So!___________________________!in!plants!can!be!beneficial! and!have!a!__________________________!value.!!Plant!breeders!have!learned!to!! ___________________________!produce!polyploidy!plants!using!_______________________! to!cause!______________________________.! Unit!5!–!Genetics,!Complex!Inheritance!and!Human!Heredity! Section!11.1!Basic!Patterns!of!Human!Inheritance! ! Main!Idea!–!Main!Idea:!The!Inheritance!of!a!Trait!Over!Several! Generations!Can!be!Shown!as!a!Pedigree! ! Objective!9:!Describe!Human!genetic!Disorders!that!are!Caused!by!the! Inheritance!of!Recessive!!Alleles!(Pages!296\298)! ! Write!three!facts!about!recessive!heredity!in!the!concept!map! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Simple!Recessive! Heredity! ! Summarize!the!similarities!and!differences!between!polyploidy!and!gene! linkage.! ! Gene!Linkage! Polyploidy! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13! ! 14! Summarize!the!facts!about!Huntington’s!disease!in!the!concept!map.! !! ! There!is!no!effective!! The!disease!is! ! caused!by!a! Huntington’s! ! Disease! Common!recessive!genetic!disorders! Cystic!fibrosis!!E!! ! ! ! ! Albinism!E!! ! ! ! Tay!Sachs!E!! ! ! ! ! ! Galactosemia!E!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A!__________________! Analysis!could! help!people! better!understand! their!own!risks! and!the!risks!to! their!! ! ___________________.! Objective!10:Dominant!Genetic!Disorders!(Page!298)! Identify!two!examples!of!dominant!genetic!disorders!in!humans.! ! ! Dominant!Genetic!Disorders!–!No!possibility!of!being!a!____________________! ! Huntingtons! ! ! Achondroplasia! ! ! ! ! ! 15! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The!disease! causes!the! breakdown!in! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The!symptoms! don’t!appear!until! a!person!is! between!the!ages! of!_________! ! and!_____________.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Matt!and!Amy!Roloff!have!4!children.!!Although! Matt!and!Amy!are!both!little!people,!they!do!not!have!the!same!kind!of! dwarfism.!!Amy!has!Achondroplasia!(A_).!The!children!are!twins!Zach!and! Jeremy,!Molly!and!Jake.!!Three!of!the!five!children!are!of!average!height.!!Zach! has!Achondroplasia!like!is!mother.! ! Show!the!results!of!the!Roloff!family!in!a!Punnett!Square;!Matt!is!aa!and!does! not!have!Achondroplasia.! ! What!was!the!probability!that!they!! Would!pass!Achondroplasia!on!to!their!! ! ! ! children?! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! _______________________! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16! Main!Idea!–!Main!Idea:!The!Inheritance!of!a!Trait!Over!Several! Generations!Can!be!Shown!as!a!Pedigree!(Page!229\301)! ! Objective!11:!Describe!and!Interpret!a!Pedigree!! ! pedigree!E!_____________________________________________________________________________! _________________________________________________________________________________________! Pedigrees!are!used!to!infer!_______________________!from!the!observations!of! _________________________________.!!By!knowing!_______________________!traits,! genealogists!can!determine!which!______________________!an!individual!is!most! likely!to!have.!!Pedigrees!help!genetic!counselors!determine!whether! inheritance!patterns!are!___________________________________________________________.! If!good!records!are!kept!within!families,!disorders!in!_____________________! offspring!can!be!__________________________.! ! Summarize!pedigree!symbols!in!the!table!below.! ! Description!of!Symbol! male! female! affected!male! affected!female! known!heterzygotes! parents!and!offspring! siblings! parents! !! ! ! Sketch!of!Symbol! ! square! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Evaluate!the!inheritance!of!achondroplasia!shown!in!the!pedigree.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Parent!!with!achondroplasia:_________________________________________________________! ! Number!of!children!!with!achondroplasia:_________________________________________! ! Genotype!of!the!younger!son:_______________________________________________________! ! ! Main!Idea!–!Complex!Inheritance!of!Traits!Does!Not!Follow!Inheritance! Patterns!Followed!by!Mendel! ! Section!11.2!Complex!Patterns!of!Inheritance! ! Objective!12:!Distinguish!between!Incompletely!Dominant!and! Codominant!Alleles!and!Give!an!example!of!Codominance!in!Humans! ! ! Define!Incomplete!Dominance:!!___________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 17! ! 18! Incomplete!Dominance!(Page!302)! Analyze!the!ratios!of!offspring!in!the!following!snapdragon!pairs.!!Red!(R)!is! dominant!to!white!(r).! ! Parent!Flowers! Genotypes!of! Punnet!Square! Ratio!of! Parent!Flowers! Offspring! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!R!!!!!!!!R! ! Red!and!white! RR!x!rr! !!!!!!! !!4!pink! ! ! r!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! r!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!R!!!!!!!____!! ! pink!and!white! ! !!!!!!! !!2!____________!:!!!!!!!! ! ! r!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!2!____________! ! ! !! ! ! ! ___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!____!!!!____!!!!!!! ! red!and!pink! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! ! ___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!____!!!!____!!!!!!! ! pink!and!pink! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! ! ___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! 19! Codominance!(Pages!302\303)! Both!____________________!are!expressed!in!a!_______________________;!there!is!no! ________________________________________.! Predict!the!results!if!two!people!who!are!heterozygous!for!sickleEcell!anemia!! (!Ss!x!Ss)!but!lead!normal!lives!have!a!child.! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Genotypic!Ratio!:! ! Phenotypic!Ratio:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Objective!13:!Compare!Multiple!Allelic!and!Epistasis!Inheritance!and!be! Able!to!Give!Examples!of!Each!(Pages!302\303)! Identify!the!surface!proteins!and!phenotypes!that!results!from!the!following! genotypes.! ! multiple!alleles!E!____________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! ! 20! epistasis!E!____________________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! GENOTYPES SURFACE PHENOTYPE PROTEIN IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi Objective!14:!Determine!the!Sex!of!an!Organism!by!its!Chromosomes! (Page!305)! ! Define!the!following!terms:! ! autosomes!E!__________________________________________________________________________! ! sex!chromosomes!\!_________________________________________________________________! ! Humans!have!_______!chromosomes!or!______________________________________!pairs.! _______________________!are!made!up!of!the!first!_______________!matching!pairs.! A B The!______________!!pair!differ!in!makes!and!females!and!are!called!the!_________! I I chromosomes.!Males,!therefore,!determine!the!___________________________________.! ii ! Knowing!blood!types!is!a!must!before!receiving!________________________________! X Y ! Determining!blood!type!may!be!useful!in!determining!__________________________! but!it!can’t!prove!with!100%!who!the!father!might!be.! ! Who’s!the!father!of!Baby!Jane????!Jane!is!blood!type!O!and!mom!is!type!A.!!The! possible!fathers!are!Jim!(type!B)!and!John!(type!AB).!! ! ! X X Genotypic ratio = Phenotypic ratio = ! ! Objective!15:!Explain!Dosage!Compensation!and!its!relationship!to! Chromosome!Activation!(Page!306)! ! X!chromosomes!are!larger!than!______!chromosomes!and!carry!genes! necessary!for!development!of!both!males!and!_______________________.!!Because! females!have!______X!chromosomes!and!males!have!just!one,!to!balance!the! ! ! ! ! __________________________!in!the!dose!of!_________________________________,!one!of!the! ___________!chromosomes!stops!working!in!the!female!body!cells.!!This!is!called! 21! ! 22! ___________________________!compensation!or!________!inactivation.!!Ex.!Coat!colors! in!calico!cats.!!Darkly!stained!_______________!inactivated!_____!chromosomes!are! called!___________________!bodies!and!are!seen!as!a!darkly!stained!structure!on! What!is!the!percent!chance!that!the!same!couple!has!a!girl!that!is!a! carrier?! ! ! the!_____________________.! ! Objective!16:!Be!Able!to!Explain!What!a!Sex\Linked!trait!is!and!Discuss! its!Impact!on!the!Male!Population!(Page!307!\308)! ! sexElinked!traits!E!___________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! In!Humans,!sexElinked!traits!are!controlled!by!genes!located!on!the!_______! chromosome!and!these!genes!are!usually!____________________________.!!Because! the!X!and!the!Y!chromosomes!are!______________________________________,!!Females! can!be!______________________,!but!males,!with!only!one!X!chromosome,!will!have! the!trait!if!the!carry!a!______________________!allele!on!the!X!chromosome.!! Common!sexElinked!traits!include!red/green!color!blindness,!__________________! One!form!of!muscular!dystrophy,!and!fragile!X.! A!women!is!a!carrier!for!colorblindness!and!her!husband!has!normal! color!vision.!Determine!the!chance!of!them!having!a!son!who!is!color! blind.! ! ! ! ! Objective!17:!Describe!Polygenic!Inheritance!and!Give!Some!Examples! (Page!309)! ! polygenic!trait!E!______________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! Traits!arise!from!the!_____________________of!many!genes,!which!may!be!on! different!chromosomes.!Examples!are!eye!color,!skin!color,!____________________,! or!size/color!of!fruit.!!The!_______________________________!show!a!continuous! range!of!_______________________________!from!the!________________________!value!to!the! maximum!value!that!results!in!a!________________________________!curve.! ! Objective!18\!Summarize!how!Internal!and!External!Environments!Affect! Gene!Expression!(Page!309)! ! The!genetic!makeup!of!an!organism!at!___________________________!determines! only!the!organisms!____________________________!to!develop!and!function.!!As!the! ! ! 23! ! 24! organism!develops,!many!factors!can!____________________________!how!the!gene!is! _____________________________________,!or!even!whether!it!is!expressed!at!___________.! Genes!interact!with!each!____________________!and!the!____________________________!to! form!a!complete!picture!of!____________________________________.! Identify!environmental!influences!that!can!affect!phenotype.! ! Internal!factors! External!Factors! Behaviors! ! ! ! 1.! 1.! 1.! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2.! 2.! 2.! ! !! Twin!Studies!(Page!310)! Describe!the!use!of!twin!studies!in!the!studies!of!genetics!by!completing!the! paragraph.!! ! Scientists!use!twin!studies!to!distinguish!between!__________________________!and!! ! _______________________________________!influences!on!a!trait.!!If!a!high!percentage!! ! of!_____________________________________!but!not!______________________________________! ! express!a!trait,!there!is!a!strong!chance!that!the!trait!is!________________________.! ! Main!Idea!–!Chromosomes!can!be!Studied!Using!Karyoypes! Section!11.3!Chromosomes!and!Human!Inheritance! ! DEFINE!THE!TERMS:! nonjusdunction!E!____________________________________________________________________! ! __________________________________________________________________________________________! ! karyotype!E!___________________________________________________________________________! ! _________________________________________________________________________________________! ! 25! Objective!19:!Distinguish!Normal!Karyotypes!from!those!with!Abnormal! Numbers!of!Chromosomes!and!Define!and!Describe!the!Role!of! Telomeres!(Pages!311\312)! ! Sequence!how!a!scientist!makes!a!karyotype! !! 1.! 2.! 3.! 4.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Describe!telomeres!by!completing!the!paragraph! ! Telomeres!are!made!of!____________________!and!___________________________.!!They!! ! are!located!at!______________________________________________________________.!!Their! ! function!is!_________________________________________________________________.! ! ! ! ! 26! Compare!and!contrast!karyotype!studies!and!pedigrees!by!writing! characteristics!I!the!Venn!Diagram.!! ! ! (_____________________!a!chromosome).!Many!monosomies!and!trisomies!are! _______________________________.! Model!a!picture!showing!nondisjunction!occurring!during!Meiosis!I!and! Meiosis!II.!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Meiosis!I! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!Meiosis!II! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Objective!20:!Describe!Nondisjunction!and!its!Effects!on!Autosomal!and! Sex!Chromosomes!in!Humans!(Page!312\313)! ! Define!Nondisjunction:!_______________________________________________________________! __________________________________________________________________________________________! Nondisjunction!can!occur!in!___________________________________________!and!can! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Model!a!picture!of!a!karyotype!taken!from!a!boy!with!Down’s!syndrome!! showing!just!the!21st!and!23rd!pair!of!chromosomes.! ! Pair!21! Pair!23! ! ! ! ! ! Summary:!Variation!of!traits!and!complex!Patterns!of!Inheritance! ! A.!!Variation!among!__________________________!of!the!same!____________________!can! affect!both!____________________________!and!sex!_____________________________.!!It!can! be!explained!by!both!_________________________!and!!_______________________________! cause!trisomy’s!(!having!an!____________________!chromosome)!or!monosomies!!! factors.! ! 27! ! 28! B.!!Individuals!within!a!species!have!similar,!but!________________________________! genes.! C.!!In!________________________!reproduction,!________________________!in!traits! between!parent!and!_____________________________!arise!from!the!particular!set! of!______________________________!(and!their!respective!multiple!genes)! inherited,!with!each!_________________________!contributing!__________________!of! a!chromosome!pair.! D.!!__________________!along!with!___________________________!factors!can!______________! !!!!!!an!individual’s!specific!_______________________________,!__________________________,! !!!!!!___________________________!and!likelihood!of!producing!__________________________.! E.!!The!set!of!______________________________!of!________________!present,!together! with!the!interactions!of!______________________!with!their!________________________! !!!!!Determines!the!________________________________!of!_________________________!of! traits!in!a!population.! ! ! ! 29!
