Download Homework for Chapter 6 - Adaptive Immunity

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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Homework for Chapter 6 - Adaptive Immunity
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Use your lecture notes and textbook to find the answers to these questions.
When finished, enter your answers on the electronic version of the homework posted on Canvas.
You may do this as many times as you want until you are happy with your grade.
1. The body’s three lines of defense against microorganisms, in order from first (earliest) to third, are the:
A) adaptive immune system, inflammatory response, and then the skin and mucous membranes.
B) inflammatory response, skin and mucous membranes, and then the adaptive immune system.
C) skin and mucous membranes, inflammatory response, and then the adaptive immune system.
D) skin and mucous membranes, adaptive immune system, and then the inflammatory response.
2. In contrast with the inflammatory response, the immune response:
A) is more effective at fighting microorganisms.
B) is faster.
C) recognizes specific invaders.
D) has no memory.
3. Which cell ingests microorganisms for the purposes of presenting their antigen to the immune system and
activating an immune response?
A) Helper T cell
B) Mast cell
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage
4. The primary cell of immunity is the:
A) mast cell.
B) macrophage.
C) neutrophil.
D) lymphocyte.
5. If a person has resistance to a disease from natural exposure to an antigen, the person has which form of
immunity?
A) Natural
B) Innate
C) Passive acquired
D) Active acquired
6. Molecules that are capable of inducing an immune response are called:
A) lymphocytes.
B) haptens.
C) antigens.
D) antibodies.
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7. Which of the following is an example of an endogenous antigen?
A) Poison ivy
B) Injected medications
C) Pollen
D) The body’s own tissue
8. The condition in which the immune cells attack the individual’s own tissues as if they were invaders is
called:
A) alloimmunity.
B) autoimmunity.
C) hypersensitivity.
D) graft rejection.
9. Humoral immunity is generated through the process of:
A) direct cell lysis.
B) stimulating an inflammatory response.
C) producing antibodies.
D) secreting toxic molecules.
10. The portion of the antigenic molecule that is recognized by the lymphocyte is called the antigenic
determinant or:
A) MHC complex.
B) immunoglobulin.
C) epitope.
D) haplotype.
11. The Fc portion of the antibody:
A) is responsible for binding to specific antigen.
B) is responsible for creating the hinge region of the antibody.
C) consists of light chains.
D) interacts with inflammatory cells.
12. Immune cells distinguish “self” from “nonself” by recognizing:
A) cellular RNA.
B) major histocompatibility antigens.
C) different types of phospholipids in a cell’s membrane.
D) “nonself” enzymes secreted by foreign cells.
13. Which cell stimulates both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses?
A) Plasma cells
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) B lymphocytes
D) Helper T cells
14. Which of the following cells has the capacity to produce antibodies during an immune response?
A) Plasma cells
B) T cells
C) Memory cells
D) Pluripotent cells
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15. When a person has an allergic reaction to bee stings, which antibody causes the life-threatening
hypersensitivity response?
A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgG
16. Which is the main antibody transferred from a mother to an infant in breast milk?
A) IgG
B) IgM
C) IgE
D) IgA
17. An immune complex is formed by which of the following paired molecules?
A) Cytotoxic T cells and antigen
B) Antibodies and antigen
C) B cells and antigen
D) Helper T cells and lymphocytes
18. What role does opsonization play in the immune and inflammatory response?
A) Prevents the lymphocytes from attacking self-antigen
B) Stimulates cytotoxic T cells
C) Stimulates exudation of white blood cells into the tissues
D) Promotes phagocytosis of foreign antigen
19. Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?
A) Neutralizing bacterial toxins
B) Preventing viruses from entering tissue cells
C) Direct cell killing through the release of toxic chemicals
D) Opsonizing foreign antigen
20. Which type of antibody can be created in a laboratory for the treatment of diseases such as cancer and will
only react with a single antigen?
A) Polymorphic
B) Monoclonal
C) Totipotent
D) Deterministic
21. Major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) antigens are found on which of the following cells?
A) Red blood cells
B) B lymphocytes and macrophages only
C) All body cells except for red blood cells
D) Liver, heart, and bone marrow cells only
22. Which molecule is found on the surface of Tc cells and allows them to interact with MHC class I
molecules?
A) CD8 antigen
B) CD4 antigen
C) BCR antigen
D) MHC II antigen
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23. Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells can destroy infected or cancer cells by which of the following mechanisms?
A) Producing toxins
B) Stimulating apoptosis
C) Producing antibodies
D) Both A and B
24. Th1 cells stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of:
A) cytotoxic T cells.
B) B cells.
C) eosinophils.
D) Regulatory T cells.
25. How do natural killer (NK) cells differ from cytotoxic T (Tc) cells?
A) NK cells lack antigen-specificity and can target any infected or malignant cell.
B) NK cells are phagocytic.
C) NK cells can opsonize bacteria and viruses.
D) NK cells release toxins that kill the target cell.
26. CD4 molecules that bind to the surface of macrophages and B cells are found on:
A) helper T cells.
B) cytotoxic T cells.
C) plasma cells.
D) the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
27. The generation of clonal diversity is:
A) the reaction of a lymphocyte to a specific antigen.
B) the development of natural immunity.
C) the ability of the population of lymphocytes to recognize any antigenic molecule.
D) the circulation of lymphocytes through the spleen.
28. Which of the following statements best describes the process of clonal selection?
A) An antigen directly activates B- and T-cell clones.
B) Lymphocytes that can recognize and react to a specific antigen proliferate.
C) A single lymphocyte develops the ability to recognize multiple antigens.
D) A B lymphocyte is selected to become a T cytotoxic cell.
29. Which process confers long-lasting immunity against a specific organism?
A) Production of memory cells
B) Activation of macrophages
C) Activation of cytotoxic T cells
D) Activation of the inflammatory response
30. If a person is exposed to antigen X and is later exposed to antigen X again, which of the following
immune responses will occur?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Determinant
D) Immunosuppressive
31. The predominant antibody of a typical secondary immune response is:
A) IgG.
B) IgM.
C) IgE.
D) IgA.
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32. What type of immunity is conferred when an individual is given a vaccine?
A) Natural immunity
B) Passive acquired immunity
C) Active acquired immunity
D) Alloimmunity
33. At the age of one year, an infant’s immune function is:
A) the strongest it will ever be
B) the weakest it will ever be
C) about 60% of the adult level
D) about 110% the adult level
34. The immunity that is conferred on an infant by maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is:
A) Cell-mediated
B) Innate
C) Passive acquired
D) Active acquired
35. Older individuals are at increased risk for which of the following problems?
A) Autoimmune diseases
B) Hypersensitivity reactions
C) Infections
D) All of the above
Critical Thinking Questions
36. Some Staphylococcus aureus antigens are considered “superantigens” because they:
A) cause the production of two or more types of antibodies by B cells.
B) activate a large population of T-lymphocytes regardless of antigen specificity.
C) are much larger than typical antigens.
D) directly activate the complement cascade.
37. Which of the following is an example of active immunity?
A) injection of antibodies in sera to treat a snake bite
B) transfer of antibodies from mother to child through her milk
C) movement of antibodies across the placenta
D) an Rh-negative mother becoming sensitized to an Rh-positive fetus
38. Why does an innate immune response occur more rapidly than a primary adaptive immune response?
A) Because all the cells of the innate immune response are already present when a pathogen enters the body.
B) Because mast cells undergo clonal selection more rapidly than B and T cells.
C) Because it takes time for generation of clonal diversity to occur following entry of a pathogen into the
body.
D) Because the process of antibodies binding to antigens is fairly slow.
39. A child suffers from a bacterial infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth. After recovering, a
second exposure occurs, but this time the child does not develop an infection. This is probably due to the
presence of which of the following:
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) mast cells
C) IgA antibodies
D) memory T cells
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40. A one week old infant is exposed to a strain of cold virus that his mother never encountered. Which of the
following antibodies specific for the virus would probably be found in highest numbers in the baby’s
bloodstream one week later?
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgE
D) IgM