Download Operant Conditioning

Learning:
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning
 type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement or
diminished if followed by punishment
 Law of Effect
 Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed
by favorable consequences become more
likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable
consequences become less likely
Operant Conditioning
 _______________
(1904-1990)
 elaborated
Thorndike’s Law
of Effect
 developed
behavioral
technology
Operant Chamber
 _____________
 chamber with a
bar or key that an
animal
manipulates to
obtain a food or
water reinforcer
 contains devices
to record
responses
Operant Conditioning
 ________
 any event that ___________ the
behavior it follows
 __________
 operant conditioning procedure in
which reinforcers guide behavior
toward
_________________________ of a
desired goal
Punishment
 ____________
 aversive event that __________
the behavior that it follows
 powerful controller of unwanted
behavior
Punishment
Operant Conditioning
Big Bang Theory
The Garcia effect
People get sick after eating at a
restaurant so they won’t eat at that
restaurant, even if they know the food
was safe.
Shaping
A procedure in Operant Conditioning
in which reinforcers guide behavior
closer and closer towards a goal.
Principles of
Reinforcement
 _________ Reinforcer
 __________ reinforcing stimulus
 i.e., satisfies a biological need
 Ex: Food, Sleep, Air, Water, Sex
 ___________ aka Conditioned Reinforcer
 stimulus that gains its reinforcing
power through its ____________ with
primary reinforcer
 Ex/ Money, Cars, Grades, Clicker
training even…
Schedules of
Reinforcement
 Continuous Reinforcement
 reinforcing the desired response _________ it
occurs
 Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement
 reinforcing a response only ______________
 results in slower acquisition
 greater resistance to extinction
Schedules of
Reinforcement
 Fixed Ratio (FR)
 reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses
 faster you respond the more rewards you
get
 different ratios
 very high rate of responding
 like piecework pay
Schedules of
Reinforcement
 __________ Ratio (VR)
 reinforces a response after an
___________ number of responses
 average ratios
 like gambling, fishing
 ______________________ because
of unpredictability
Schedules of
Reinforcement
 Fixed Interval (FI)
 reinforces a response only after a
specified time has elapsed
 response occurs more frequently as
the anticipated time for reward
draws near
Schedules of
Reinforcement
 Variable Interval (VI)
 reinforces a response at unpredictable
time intervals
 produces slow steady responding
 like pop quiz
Cognition and Operant
Conditioning
 Cognitive Map
 mental representation of the layout of
one’s environment
 Example: after exploring a maze, rats act
as if they have learned a cognitive map of
it
 Latent Learning
 learning that occurs, but is not apparent
until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent Learning
Cognition and Operant
Conditioning
 Overjustification Effect
 the effect of promising a reward for
doing what one already likes to do
 the person may now see the reward,
rather than intrinsic interest, as the
motivation for performing the task
Cognition and Operant
Conditioning
 Intrinsic Motivation
 Desire to perform a behavior for
__________________________
 Extrinsic Motivation
 Desire to perform a behavior due to
_____________________________
Operant vs Classical
Conditioning
Observational
Learning
 _____________ Learning
 learning by _______________
 Modeling
 process of _________ and __________ a
specific behavior
 Prosocial Behavior
 positive, constructive, helpful behavior
 _________ of _________ behavior
Observational
Learning
 ________________
 frontal lobe neurons that fire when
performing certain actions or when
observing another doing so
 may enable imitation, language
learning, and empathy
What is Social Learning
Theory?
Albert Bandura:
Bobo doll. We learn
by observing the
behavior of others
and from imagining
the consequences of
our own behavior.
Social Learning Theory
Cont.
Modeling: we imitate people who we
__________
Identify with
View as __________
________ Reinforcement and Punishment
Bobo Doll Experiment
Albert Bandura allowed children to watch
an adult play with a bobo doll.
The experimental group watched a video
of an adult playing violently with the doll
The control group watched a boring
video.
The experimental group children imitated
the violent behavior.