Download EXTREME SURVIVAL STUDY GUIDE BIOLOGY 3rd

THIRD QUARTER
10.2 Meiosis
10.1 Mendel’s Laws of
Heredity
12.3 Complex Inheritance of
Human Traits
12.2 When Heredity Follows
Different Rules
EXTREME SURVIVAL STUDY GUIDE Ö BIOLOGY 3rd QUARTER TEST
MEIOSIS, GENETICS, EVOLUTION
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CHAPTER 10.2 VOCABULARY: crossing over, diploid, egg, segregation, genetic recombination, haploid, homologous, meiosis,
nondisjunction, sexual reproduction, sperm, haploid, gamete, cell division
a.
Meiosis: Sexual Reproduction.
1.
Understand that MEIOSIS is Sexual Reproduction.
2.
Describe the steps in Meiosis and the movement of
chromosomal material during each step.
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
3.
If presented with diagrams of the stages of Meiosis, be able
to label each of the stages and put them in the proper order.
4.
Recognize that variation in a species is a result of
differences in Meiosis.
5.
Understand that variations during Meiosis are brought about
by Mutations, Crossing Over, Independent Assortment,
Nondisjunction, Segregation, & Recombination.
6.
Explain when and how the events of Crossing Over and Nondisjunction occur.
b.
Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between MITOSIS and MEIOSIS:
1.
DNA Replication.
2.
Method of separation of DNA and cellular material.
3.
Changes in the chromosome number (Diploid/Haploid).
4.
Total number of cellular divisions.
5.
Total number and type (n, 2n) of cells produced.
6.
Relation of daughter cells to parent cells.
7.
Comparison of the steps in Mitosis and Meiosis.
CHAPTER 10.1 VOCABULARY: allele, dominant, fertilization pollination, cross pollination, gamete, genetics, genotype, heredity, heterozygous,
homozygous, hybrid, law of dominance, law of independent assortment, law of segregation, phenotype, recessive, trait, zygote, gender, Karyotype,
genetic cross, cross breeding, Punnett square, parental generation, filial generation, offspring, ratio, trisomy, monosomy
3.03 - Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance.
a.
Dominant, recessive and intermediate traits.
1.
Determine the Genotypes and the Phenotypes of given allele combinations.
2.
Explain Mendel’s experiments and interpret how his results led to the formation of the Law of Dominance, the
Law of Segregation of Alleles, and the Law of Independent Assortment.
3.
Understand that Phenotypes are the rust of the physical expression of specific genotypes and environmental
factors.
4.
Given two organisms exhibiting simple dominance, predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring
resulting from a cross.
5.
Interpret gender and chromosomal abnormalities utilizing a Karyotype.
6.
Understand that in Simple Mundelein Genetics, the Dominant trait will always be expressed if present and the
recessive trait will be expressed only if two recessive alleles are present.
7.
Define the inheritance pattern of incomplete dominance and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of
offspring in a given cross.
CHAPTER 12.3 VOCABULARY: blood typing, karyotype, codominance, autosome, disease, illness, disorder
8.
Define the inheritance pattern of co-dominance and predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring in a given cross.
9.
Understand that Huntington’s Disease and Polydactyly are Autosomal Simple Dominant traits.
10.
Understand that Cystic Fibrosis, PKU, and Tay-Sachs are Autosomal Simple Recessive traits.
CHAPTER 12.2 VOCABULARY: autosomes, codominant alleles, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, sex chromosomes,
sex-linked traits, blood typing, parentage
b.
Multiple alleles.
1.
Explain the inheritance pattern of Multiple Alleles and interpret the results of crosses involving multiple alleles.
2.
Understand that ABO blood groups are controlled by Multiple and Co-Dominant alleles.
3.
Determine possible parentage based on the presentation of blood types.
c.
Polygenic Inheritance.
1.
Recognize that some traits are controlled by the expression of several or many genes together at the
same time and these are called Polygenic Traits.
2.
Understand that Polygenic traits, such as skin color, hair color, and eye color, have a very wide range
of possible phenotypes that only increases with the number of genes involved.
d.
Sex-Linked Recessive Traits.
1.
Know that the 23rd set of chromosomes, that determine the gender of the offspring, are
called the sex chromosomes, the X and the Y.
2.
Understand that the inheritance of two X chromosomes (XX) makes the offspring a female
while the inheritance of the Y chromosome from the father makes the offspring a male
(XY).
3.
Interpret crosses using gene alleles found on the X chromosome and recognize the special
patterns presented by these non-homologous chromosomes: No male Carriers and higher
presentation percentage in males.
4.
Understand that Hemophilia, Color Blindness, and Duchene’s Muscular Dystrophy are Sex
Linked Recessive traits.
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page 2 of 3
e.
12.1 Mendelian Inheritance of
Human Traits
Examine the relationship between Independent Assortment and Genetic Diversity.
1.
Understand the importance of the difference in alleles of a specific gene on two separate chromosomes and the relationship it
has with genes on other chromosomes during the process of segregation during Meiosis.
2.
Appreciate the value of Independent Assortment during Metaphase I and how it provides for a very high degree of variation within
the species.
f.
Understand the purpose and the utility of a Test Cross.
1.
Know that a Test Cross is used to determine the actual genotype of an individual organism that is displaying the Dominant Trait
[RR or Rr].
2.
Understand the importance of using an individual organism that shows the homozygous recessive trait [rr] in the test cross to
determine the unknown.
3.
Predict and perform a successful test cross showing the percentages of expected offspring that will display the dominant and the
recessive traits and then determine the genotype of the parental generation.
CHAPTER 12.1 VOCABULARY: carrier, pedigree, Punnett square, gamete/allele segregation, genetic recombination
g.
13.3 The Human Genome
13.1 Applied Genetics
13.2 Recombinant DNA
Technology
15.1 Natural Selection and
the Evidence for Evolution
14.2 The Origin of Life
Interpret Pedigrees to determine the genotypes of individuals and genetic heredity patterns.
1.
Given a pedigree chart, interpret the diagram and predict the most probable inheritance pattern.
2.
Identify specific genotypes of individuals within a pedigree.
3.
Identify the difference between males & females, dominant trait & recessive trait, and carriers within a pedigree.
h.
Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance utilizing a Punnett Square.
1.
Correctly set up a given cross [monohybrid only] segregating the correct alleles of the parent generation in
the proper spaces.
2.
Accurately recombine the parental allele combinations into the correct spaces in the generation of offspring.
3.
Accurately calculate the rations of possible genotypes and phenotypes.
4.
Accurately predict the unknown genotypes of the parent generation given the phenotypic and/or genotypic
ratios of the offspring.
5.
Successfully apply the use of Punnett Squares in the determination of ratios and offspring for Dominant,
Recessive, Codominant, Incomplete Dominant, Sex Linked Recessive, and Multiple Allele human hereditary
conditions.
CHAPTER 13.3 VOCABULARY: gene therapy, human genome, linkage map, genomics, gene sequencing, ethics
3.04 - Assess the impact of advances in genomics on individuals and society.
a.
Human Genome Project.
1.
Understand the original purpose of the Human Genome Project to map and sequence every gene on the 22 Autosomal
chromosomes and two sex cells = The Human Genome.
2.
Recognize the importance of knowing the location and DNA sequence of every human gene in the determination of genetic
disorders or the detection of possible genetic illness in the future.
3.
Recognize the importance of knowing the location and DNA Sequence of every human gene in the development and application
of possible genetic therapies, treatments, and prevention of genetically inherited disorders.
4.
Understand the magnitude of ethical behavior in the use of Human Genome knowledge and the potential for unethical use.
CHAPTER 13.1 VOCABULARY: gel electrophoresis, polar molecule, DNA fingerprint, restriction enzyme, introns, exons
b.
Genetic Technology and Genomics.
1.
Understand the steps used in setting up and carrying out a Gel Electrophoresis of DNA.
2.
Recognize the level of accuracy and significance in the use of a DNA fingerprint in the identification of an
individual.
3.
Analyze a set of DNA fingerprints and accurately identify related subjects based on similarities of DNA
segments.
CHAPTER 13.2 VOCABULARY: clone, genetic engineering, plasmid, recombinant DNA, restriction enzyme,
transgenic organism, vector, gene splicing, ethics
4.
Identify possible applications for the use of Recombinant DNA and Transgenic Organisms
(plants, animals, bacteria) in agriculture, industry, energy, and pharmaceutical applications.
5.
Understand the process of recombinant DNA insertion in gene splicing as it applies to Human
Insulin producing Bacteria.
6.
Examine ethical issues regarding the use of stem cells for genetically modified organisms.
CHAPTER 15.1 VOCABULARY: analogous structures, artificial selection, camouflage, embryo, homologous structures, mimicry, natural selection,
vestigial structure, favorable adaptive traits, mutation,
3.05 - Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including:
a.
Development of the theory.
1.
Understand how Charles Darwin used his collections of observations of his
14 finch varieties and lizards to develop his theory of Natural Selection.
2.
Understand that Natural Selection is the driving force in Evolution and it is
selection of only those traits that are favorable for survival.
3.
Understand that Natural selection can only occur after the presentation of a
new trait caused by a mutation in a gene.
CHAPTER 14.2 VOCABULARY: archaebacteria, biogenesis, protocell, spontaneous generation, Abiogenesis, microorganisms, pasteurization, cell
theory, anaerobic environment, prokaryote, organic molecules, inorganic gasses, aerobic atmosphere, endosymbiosis
4.
Contrast Biogenesis (as it applies to the tenants of the cell theory) with
Abiogenesis – or Spontaneous Generation.
5.
Recognize diagrams of the experiments by Francesco Redi and Louis Pasture
and explain the importance of the results in these two experiments in support
of Biogenesis and the Cell Theory.
b.
The origin and history of life.
1.
Understand the environmental conditions on early earth and the limitations in atmosphere.
2.
Describe how the limitations in atmosphere and the conditions on early earth led to the development of the first life forms,
anaerobic prokaryotes, about 4.5 billion years ago.
EXTREME SURVIVAL STUDY GUIDE Ö BIOLOGY 3rd QUARTER TEST
3.
14.1 The Record of Life
15.2 Mechanisms of Evolution
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Recognize an illustration of Miller and Urey’s experiment to simulate early earth atmosphere and explain the impact of the
formation of the resulting amino acids.
4.
Understand and explain how the next organism to appear were early producers who used photosynthesis to produce oxygen in
the atmosphere
5.
Understand and explain how the advent of producers,
photosynthesis, and oxygen in our atmosphere was a significant
evolutionary development in the ability of aerobic eukaryotes to
evolve and survive.
6.
Recognize that endosymbiosis is the theory that prokaryotic bacteria:
anaerobic, aerobic, & photosynthetic; evolved into the first eukaryotic
organisms [protists] through mutual symbiosis.
CHAPTER 14.1 VOCABULARY: fossil, relative dating, carbon dating, radiometric dating, fossil record, plate tectonics, biochemical analysis,
embryonic development, mimicry, camouflage, structural similarity
c.
Fossil record and biochemical evidence.
1.
Understand relative and radiometric dating and their use in the determination of fossil age.
2.
Recognize the history and evolutionary path inferred by examination of the fossil record.
3.
Know how biochemical similarities [i.e. amino acids, proteins, DNA] provide strong evidence of
evolutionary relationships in differing organisms.
4.
Recognize how shared features in embryonic development suggest relationships of a common
ancestor.
5.
Recognize how homologous and common vestigial structures present strong evidence of
common ancestry and divergent evolution over time.
6.
Understand how mimicry and camouflage provide evidence of evolutionary adaptations selected
for the survival of the species.
CHAPTER 15.2 VOCABULARY: adaptive radiation, allelic frequency, convergent evolution, divergent evolution, gene pool, genetic drift, genetic
equilibrium, geographic isolation, gradualism, polyploidy, punctuated equilibrium, reproductive isolation, speciation, parallel evolution, natural
selection, sirectional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, reproductive isolation, resistance, favorable mutation
d.
Mechanisms of evolution.
1.
Discuss how mutations cause adaptations providing for natural selection.
2.
Examine the roles of geographic isolation and reproductive isolation in speciation.
3.
Recognize the importance in environmental factors influencing the selection of favorable adaptations.
4.
Understand the differences in Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Natural Selection.
5.
Explain how natural selection over many generations would lead to evolution of a population.
6.
Compare and contrast the differences in Convergent, Divergent, and Parallel Evolution.
e.
Applications (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).
1.
Examine how the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is direct evidence of the actions of Natural Selection and
eventually Evolution.
2.
Examine populations of plants and insects that have developed resistance to herbicides and pesticides over generations of
adaptations and natural selection.