3 Ontological analogy: Genes and memes
... claim implied in drawing the analogy between nature and culture shifts from the ‘blind watchmaker’ to ‘no one watching.’ Although there are many other analogical applications of Darwinian thinking, I will only consider these two, since they directly attack our traditional view of creativity and cult ...
... claim implied in drawing the analogy between nature and culture shifts from the ‘blind watchmaker’ to ‘no one watching.’ Although there are many other analogical applications of Darwinian thinking, I will only consider these two, since they directly attack our traditional view of creativity and cult ...
Darwinism Memes And Creativity_opus
... claim implied in drawing the analogy between nature and culture shifts from the ‘blind watchmaker’ to ‘no one watching.’ Although there are many other analogical applications of Darwinian thinking, I will only consider these two, since they directly attack our traditional view of creativity and cult ...
... claim implied in drawing the analogy between nature and culture shifts from the ‘blind watchmaker’ to ‘no one watching.’ Although there are many other analogical applications of Darwinian thinking, I will only consider these two, since they directly attack our traditional view of creativity and cult ...
StanfordEncyclopedia_2016_Inheritance
... interactors, through which replicators interact with the environment, are ephemeral (see section 2.2 for discussion). Sterelny et al. (1996) emphasize the distinction between genes as factors having “a distinctive informational role in inheritance” and other reliably present developmental resources. ...
... interactors, through which replicators interact with the environment, are ephemeral (see section 2.2 for discussion). Sterelny et al. (1996) emphasize the distinction between genes as factors having “a distinctive informational role in inheritance” and other reliably present developmental resources. ...
Differential Enzyme Targeting As an Evolutionary Adaptation to
... from the mitochondrion toward the peroxisome as diets have shifted from being mainly carnivorous to ones that are more omnivorous and herbivorous but also that in one lineage, namely that of the giant panda, there is evidence for positive selection pressure at the molecular level on the AGT mitochon ...
... from the mitochondrion toward the peroxisome as diets have shifted from being mainly carnivorous to ones that are more omnivorous and herbivorous but also that in one lineage, namely that of the giant panda, there is evidence for positive selection pressure at the molecular level on the AGT mitochon ...
The Influence of Anticodon–Codon Interactions and Modified Bases
... concentration resulting from a single tRNA gene. As discussed in the introduction, this is a reasonable approximation in species where concentrations have been measured. It has been shown that some tRNAs may be charged less efficiently than others with their appropriate amino acid (Elf et al. 2003). ...
... concentration resulting from a single tRNA gene. As discussed in the introduction, this is a reasonable approximation in species where concentrations have been measured. It has been shown that some tRNAs may be charged less efficiently than others with their appropriate amino acid (Elf et al. 2003). ...
Individual variation and individualism
... treatment of diseases, valorization of talent, promotion of social welfare and wellbeing. ...
... treatment of diseases, valorization of talent, promotion of social welfare and wellbeing. ...
Selective breeding programmes for medium
... best accomplished by producing a monosex male population. The production of sex-reversed brood stock is usually accomplished by feeding either estrogens or androgens (sex hormones) to sexually undifferentiated fry to sex-reverse them. Sex-reversed fish are individuals that are one sex phenotypically ...
... best accomplished by producing a monosex male population. The production of sex-reversed brood stock is usually accomplished by feeding either estrogens or androgens (sex hormones) to sexually undifferentiated fry to sex-reverse them. Sex-reversed fish are individuals that are one sex phenotypically ...
Are sperm-binding proteins among two closely related frog species
... classified as a pre-zygotic block to fertilization (versus post-zygotic mechanisms that occur due to genetic incompatibilities after zygote formation). It is thought that rapid changes in the egg's sperm-binding protein, termed ZPC or ZP3 in vertebrate species (discussed in more detail later), could ...
... classified as a pre-zygotic block to fertilization (versus post-zygotic mechanisms that occur due to genetic incompatibilities after zygote formation). It is thought that rapid changes in the egg's sperm-binding protein, termed ZPC or ZP3 in vertebrate species (discussed in more detail later), could ...
Genetic Algorithms and their Application to the Artificial Evol
... There is differential reproduction phenotypes better adapted to the environment are likely to produce more offspring Slightly unfaithful reproduction creates genotypic variations affect traits of the phenotype, which in turn affect fitness These genotypic variations are heritable ...
... There is differential reproduction phenotypes better adapted to the environment are likely to produce more offspring Slightly unfaithful reproduction creates genotypic variations affect traits of the phenotype, which in turn affect fitness These genotypic variations are heritable ...
Typology now: Homology and developmental constraints explain
... of heritable phenotypic variation (accounted for by features within organisms), and then by natural selection acting on this variation so as bring about directed or lasting phenotypic change (accounted for by environmental demands external to organisms). Homology as a property of morphological organ ...
... of heritable phenotypic variation (accounted for by features within organisms), and then by natural selection acting on this variation so as bring about directed or lasting phenotypic change (accounted for by environmental demands external to organisms). Homology as a property of morphological organ ...
Parallel Evolution of Copy-Number Variation across Continents in
... selection. Global hitchhiking events can also create patterns of differentiation in linked regions (Bierne 2010), but repeated spatially varying selection is a better explanation for the observed parallelism across clines. The hypothesis that the CNVs differentiated in parallel are the targets of th ...
... selection. Global hitchhiking events can also create patterns of differentiation in linked regions (Bierne 2010), but repeated spatially varying selection is a better explanation for the observed parallelism across clines. The hypothesis that the CNVs differentiated in parallel are the targets of th ...
Persistence and Loss of Meiotic Recombination
... allele or even to slow its rate of loss. The model, however, assumed an infinitely large population, whereas many of the benefits of genetic recombination are thought to derive from the stochastic nature of events in small populations (Otto and Barton 2001). The model also considered only chromosome ...
... allele or even to slow its rate of loss. The model, however, assumed an infinitely large population, whereas many of the benefits of genetic recombination are thought to derive from the stochastic nature of events in small populations (Otto and Barton 2001). The model also considered only chromosome ...
Revisiting the Impact of Inversions in Evolution
... where the interacting loci reside (Nei 1967, Pepper 2003). Because inversion polymorphisms generate low recombination rates among the standard (noninverted) and inverted arrangements, they facilitate the spread of the coadapted alleles. Inversions carrying favorable alleles then spread to fixation un ...
... where the interacting loci reside (Nei 1967, Pepper 2003). Because inversion polymorphisms generate low recombination rates among the standard (noninverted) and inverted arrangements, they facilitate the spread of the coadapted alleles. Inversions carrying favorable alleles then spread to fixation un ...
1 Dominance Genetic Variance for Traits Under Directional
... In contrast to our growing understanding for patterns of additive genetic variance in single and multi-trait combinations, the relative contribution of non-additive genetic variance, particularly dominance variance, to multivariate phenotypes is largely unknown. While mechanisms for the evolution of ...
... In contrast to our growing understanding for patterns of additive genetic variance in single and multi-trait combinations, the relative contribution of non-additive genetic variance, particularly dominance variance, to multivariate phenotypes is largely unknown. While mechanisms for the evolution of ...
Parasexual Genetics in Dictyostelium discoideum
... tions affecting pigmentation are known (Sussman & Sussman, 1963) and are useful for monitoring the stability of diploids. The use of these pigmentation markers to recover rare (IO-~)haploids without preselection on drugs is not practical in D. discoideum, although visual selection of haploid segrega ...
... tions affecting pigmentation are known (Sussman & Sussman, 1963) and are useful for monitoring the stability of diploids. The use of these pigmentation markers to recover rare (IO-~)haploids without preselection on drugs is not practical in D. discoideum, although visual selection of haploid segrega ...
Baldwinian Accounts of Language Evolution
... However, as intense research of this evolutionary theory goes on, certain robust difficulties have become apparent. One example is genotype-phenotype correlation. By computer simulations, both Yamauchi (1999, 2001) and Mayley (1996b) show that for the Baldwin effect to work legitimately, correlation ...
... However, as intense research of this evolutionary theory goes on, certain robust difficulties have become apparent. One example is genotype-phenotype correlation. By computer simulations, both Yamauchi (1999, 2001) and Mayley (1996b) show that for the Baldwin effect to work legitimately, correlation ...
Optimality models of phage life history and parallels in
... periods (not shown). Thus, our method agrees with the simulation method of Abedon et al. (2001) instead of b1/g, although as Abedon et al. noted, the discrepancy is small at high cell densities. Indeed, the discrepancy even at low cell density is only of quantitative interest. Neither of those previ ...
... periods (not shown). Thus, our method agrees with the simulation method of Abedon et al. (2001) instead of b1/g, although as Abedon et al. noted, the discrepancy is small at high cell densities. Indeed, the discrepancy even at low cell density is only of quantitative interest. Neither of those previ ...
Imputation-Based Fine-Mapping Suggests that Most QTL in an
... founder-line heterogeneity in the allelic effects. Later the selective-sweep studies, that utilized ...
... founder-line heterogeneity in the allelic effects. Later the selective-sweep studies, that utilized ...
Evolution of stepping-stone dispersal rates.
... distance. We use this model to analyse evolutionarily stable (ES) dispersal rates for the classical island model of dispersal and for three di¡erent stepping-stone models. Using general techniques to compute relatedness coe¤cients in the di¡erent dispersal models which we consider, we ¢nd that the d ...
... distance. We use this model to analyse evolutionarily stable (ES) dispersal rates for the classical island model of dispersal and for three di¡erent stepping-stone models. Using general techniques to compute relatedness coe¤cients in the di¡erent dispersal models which we consider, we ¢nd that the d ...
The environment and the genotype in
... disruptive selection provided selection pressures are great enough. Mayr ( 1963) was sceptical about the possible importance of disruptive selection. Most mathematical models conclude that disruptive selection can maintain genetically determined polymorphisms if applied rigorously enough. The subjec ...
... disruptive selection provided selection pressures are great enough. Mayr ( 1963) was sceptical about the possible importance of disruptive selection. Most mathematical models conclude that disruptive selection can maintain genetically determined polymorphisms if applied rigorously enough. The subjec ...
Multiple Routes to Subfunctionalization and Gene Duplicate
... the same selection pressures that operate at a pair of duplicate loci. If a change in the environmental circumstances of the species is posited, it would be very unlikely that this shift would happen at precisely the same time as the fixation of a duplication by drift. The set of mutationally access ...
... the same selection pressures that operate at a pair of duplicate loci. If a change in the environmental circumstances of the species is posited, it would be very unlikely that this shift would happen at precisely the same time as the fixation of a duplication by drift. The set of mutationally access ...
THE CHARACTER CONCEPT IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
... after pupation at 27°C) can produce ectopic eyespots which are closely similar to control eyespots except that they have no central, white pupils (cf. in P. coenia, Nijhout, 1985). Perhaps, the eyespot foci act as sinks rather than sources. A uniform field of morphogen is then viewed as being initia ...
... after pupation at 27°C) can produce ectopic eyespots which are closely similar to control eyespots except that they have no central, white pupils (cf. in P. coenia, Nijhout, 1985). Perhaps, the eyespot foci act as sinks rather than sources. A uniform field of morphogen is then viewed as being initia ...
The obstruction of adaptation in diploids by recessive deleterious
... from at least 30% depression in homozygous fitness (15–24). These data suggest that many, if not most, deleterious mutations are likely to be fully or partially recessive, and such mutations can have a moderate to strong fitness effect in the homozygote. It is thus possible that when a new adaptive ...
... from at least 30% depression in homozygous fitness (15–24). These data suggest that many, if not most, deleterious mutations are likely to be fully or partially recessive, and such mutations can have a moderate to strong fitness effect in the homozygote. It is thus possible that when a new adaptive ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.