Selection in backcross programmes
... (drought) but the introgression had no visible effect in the absence of stress. Bouchez et al. (2002) performed the introgression of favourable alleles at three QTL for two traits (earliness and yield) between maize elite lines with markerassisted backcrossing. They showed that the use of markers to ...
... (drought) but the introgression had no visible effect in the absence of stress. Bouchez et al. (2002) performed the introgression of favourable alleles at three QTL for two traits (earliness and yield) between maize elite lines with markerassisted backcrossing. They showed that the use of markers to ...
Mar22_24
... Note that in each of the cases (in fact, all cases except p0 = 0 or 1) The dominant allele will eventually make up 80% of the gene pool and the recessive will make up 20%. This result is called a stable equilibrium. Can we determine what this equilibrium will be? ...
... Note that in each of the cases (in fact, all cases except p0 = 0 or 1) The dominant allele will eventually make up 80% of the gene pool and the recessive will make up 20%. This result is called a stable equilibrium. Can we determine what this equilibrium will be? ...
Experimental studies of deleterious mutation in Saccharomyces
... occur in strains with a wild-type mutation rate if propagation were sufficiently long. Spontaneous loss or damage to mitochondria may be another source of confusion. The conclusion is that any long-term accumulation of mutations will be unavoidably accompanied by other processes affecting fitness. I ...
... occur in strains with a wild-type mutation rate if propagation were sufficiently long. Spontaneous loss or damage to mitochondria may be another source of confusion. The conclusion is that any long-term accumulation of mutations will be unavoidably accompanied by other processes affecting fitness. I ...
Lec17_heritability
... • traits determined by the environment and many mendelian genes (at many loci) with small effects Most traits focus on: • phenotypes & heritability • statistical properties of population traits (e.g., mean, variance) ...
... • traits determined by the environment and many mendelian genes (at many loci) with small effects Most traits focus on: • phenotypes & heritability • statistical properties of population traits (e.g., mean, variance) ...
INTEGRATING MULTIPLE EVOLUTIONARY
... and Gabriel, 1990; Lynch et al., 1995). Species in captivity could be ripe for such a meltdown, especially those facing many generations at small population size. Selection of various forms can also lead to undesirable change. Lacy (2009) distinguished between artificial selection imposed by manager ...
... and Gabriel, 1990; Lynch et al., 1995). Species in captivity could be ripe for such a meltdown, especially those facing many generations at small population size. Selection of various forms can also lead to undesirable change. Lacy (2009) distinguished between artificial selection imposed by manager ...
Natural Selection
... Summary of Natural Selection • Natural selection is differential success in reproduction from interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment • Natural selection produces an increase over time in adaptation of organisms to their environment • If an environment ch ...
... Summary of Natural Selection • Natural selection is differential success in reproduction from interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment • Natural selection produces an increase over time in adaptation of organisms to their environment • If an environment ch ...
Population Genetics A Concise Guide - IB-USP
... Many people have made significant contributions to this book. Among the students who suffered through earlier drafts I would like to single out Suzanne Pass, who gave me pages of very detailed comments that helped me find clearer ways of presenting someof the material andgave me some understandingof ...
... Many people have made significant contributions to this book. Among the students who suffered through earlier drafts I would like to single out Suzanne Pass, who gave me pages of very detailed comments that helped me find clearer ways of presenting someof the material andgave me some understandingof ...
Mutualism and asexual reproduction influence recognition genes in a fungal... M.A. van der Nest1, E.T. Steenkamp2, P.M.... Wingfield1 and B. Slippers1*
... these relationships, it is thought that selection by the host might limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the symbiont (Kaltenpoth et al. 2010). In this study, we considered the ancient and obligate symbiotic relationship between the wood-rotting fungus Amylostereum areolatum and its h ...
... these relationships, it is thought that selection by the host might limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the symbiont (Kaltenpoth et al. 2010). In this study, we considered the ancient and obligate symbiotic relationship between the wood-rotting fungus Amylostereum areolatum and its h ...
Phenotypic Plasticity in Life-History Traits: Demographic Effects and
... variation leads to time-varying matrix models: plasticity in response to spatial variation leads to models structured by criteria other than age. The adaptive value of such plasticity can be assessed by calculating its effects on a suitable measure of fitness: long-term growth rate for time-invarian ...
... variation leads to time-varying matrix models: plasticity in response to spatial variation leads to models structured by criteria other than age. The adaptive value of such plasticity can be assessed by calculating its effects on a suitable measure of fitness: long-term growth rate for time-invarian ...
Frequency-Dependent Selection and the Evolution
... completely general: fitnesses may be constant or frequency dependent, and selection may be directional (favoring the spread of one allele) or balancing (maintaining a polymorphism). Frequency-dependent selection is commonly considered in speciation models because it can, under the right circumstance ...
... completely general: fitnesses may be constant or frequency dependent, and selection may be directional (favoring the spread of one allele) or balancing (maintaining a polymorphism). Frequency-dependent selection is commonly considered in speciation models because it can, under the right circumstance ...
The Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection
... merely because the efforts of individual producers to better themselves raise the average level of production, but also because the ‘invisible hand’ will drive inefficient producers out of business and thus raise the average still further. As Sober (1984) remarked, ‘The Scottish economists offered a ...
... merely because the efforts of individual producers to better themselves raise the average level of production, but also because the ‘invisible hand’ will drive inefficient producers out of business and thus raise the average still further. As Sober (1984) remarked, ‘The Scottish economists offered a ...
Work1
... Pc was chosen to be 1, as experiments with different values showed, the cross-over is a good thing, it increases diversity with little damaging effect, so that lower mutation rates can be used, which more damaging. Population size does bring slightly better results (when the rest of the parameters a ...
... Pc was chosen to be 1, as experiments with different values showed, the cross-over is a good thing, it increases diversity with little damaging effect, so that lower mutation rates can be used, which more damaging. Population size does bring slightly better results (when the rest of the parameters a ...
The Effects of Selective History and Environmental
... (Charlesworth and Hughes 1999; Kelly and Willis 2001; Kelly 2003; Charlesworth et al. 2007). Thus, there is an increasing recognition that processes other than mutation-selection balance must be responsible for preserving the segregating deleterious recessives thought to cause inbreeding depression. ...
... (Charlesworth and Hughes 1999; Kelly and Willis 2001; Kelly 2003; Charlesworth et al. 2007). Thus, there is an increasing recognition that processes other than mutation-selection balance must be responsible for preserving the segregating deleterious recessives thought to cause inbreeding depression. ...
Recombination and epistasis facilitate introgressive hybridization
... two types of hazard to the endemic species. One is hybrid sterility, which inhibits normal reproduction, and the other is introgressive hybridization, which does not completely retard mating and reproduction by hybridization but instead allows exotic species or local varieties to genetically admix w ...
... two types of hazard to the endemic species. One is hybrid sterility, which inhibits normal reproduction, and the other is introgressive hybridization, which does not completely retard mating and reproduction by hybridization but instead allows exotic species or local varieties to genetically admix w ...
1 Frequency-dependent selection and the evolution of assortative
... be spatial (e.g., genotypes prefer different host plants) or temporal (e.g., individuals release pollen or are most active at different times of day). Grouping might also occur by self-referent phenotype matching (HAUBER and SHERMAN 2001) if phenotypically similar individuals tend to aggregate toget ...
... be spatial (e.g., genotypes prefer different host plants) or temporal (e.g., individuals release pollen or are most active at different times of day). Grouping might also occur by self-referent phenotype matching (HAUBER and SHERMAN 2001) if phenotypically similar individuals tend to aggregate toget ...
GENETIC MODELS FOR DEVELOPMENTAL HOMEOSTASIS
... pseudoobscura. A detailed account of the relationship between Dobzhansky and Vetukhiv leading to the publication of this paper has been given by Lewontin (1987). Vetukhiv was a Ukrainian political refugee scientist whom Dobzhansky had taken into his laboratory. Vetukhiv’s experiment was designed by ...
... pseudoobscura. A detailed account of the relationship between Dobzhansky and Vetukhiv leading to the publication of this paper has been given by Lewontin (1987). Vetukhiv was a Ukrainian political refugee scientist whom Dobzhansky had taken into his laboratory. Vetukhiv’s experiment was designed by ...
Genetic and evolutionary analysis of diversification and reproductive
... Summary of the dissertation In this thesis, I examine the mechanisms of evolution at different levels, from evolutionary conflict between selfish genes within a single individual (Chapter 1), through social evolution acting within a species (Chapter 2), to genetic divergence and incompatibility bet ...
... Summary of the dissertation In this thesis, I examine the mechanisms of evolution at different levels, from evolutionary conflict between selfish genes within a single individual (Chapter 1), through social evolution acting within a species (Chapter 2), to genetic divergence and incompatibility bet ...
A Unified Approach to the Evolutionary Consequences of Genetic
... combination of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Following definitions introduced previously (Bonduriansky and Day 2009), nongenetic mechanisms are mediated by the transmission to offspring of an element of the parental phenotype or environment. The transmissible factor mediating nongenetic inherit ...
... combination of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Following definitions introduced previously (Bonduriansky and Day 2009), nongenetic mechanisms are mediated by the transmission to offspring of an element of the parental phenotype or environment. The transmissible factor mediating nongenetic inherit ...
Dominance and Its Evolution
... Measuring the coefficient of dominance, h, in particular, for mutations of small effect (s), which constitute the vast majority of all mutations, is difficult. Direct estimates can be obtained from spontaneous mutations in mutation-accumulation experiments of highly inbred lines. Such assays are ver ...
... Measuring the coefficient of dominance, h, in particular, for mutations of small effect (s), which constitute the vast majority of all mutations, is difficult. Direct estimates can be obtained from spontaneous mutations in mutation-accumulation experiments of highly inbred lines. Such assays are ver ...
Biochemical, or Molecular, Genetics
... The alternative to creationism and catastrophism was transformism, also called evolution ...
... The alternative to creationism and catastrophism was transformism, also called evolution ...
Reprint
... combination of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Following definitions introduced previously (Bonduriansky and Day 2009), nongenetic mechanisms are mediated by the transmission to offspring of an element of the parental phenotype or environment. The transmissible factor mediating nongenetic inherit ...
... combination of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Following definitions introduced previously (Bonduriansky and Day 2009), nongenetic mechanisms are mediated by the transmission to offspring of an element of the parental phenotype or environment. The transmissible factor mediating nongenetic inherit ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.