MULTILOCUS MODELS OF SYMPATRIC SPECIATION: BUSH VERSUS RICE VERSUS FELSENSTEIN J D. F
... Selection is assumed to be ‘‘soft,’’ with each host contributing one-half of the individuals to the dispersing pool. Although soft selection can result in unrealistically strong frequency-dependent selection on host preference (e.g., Rausher and Englander 1987), this happens only when one host is us ...
... Selection is assumed to be ‘‘soft,’’ with each host contributing one-half of the individuals to the dispersing pool. Although soft selection can result in unrealistically strong frequency-dependent selection on host preference (e.g., Rausher and Englander 1987), this happens only when one host is us ...
The Evolution of Genetic Architecture
... as a reference point and how one could translate from one reference genotype to another (see also Barton & Turelli 2004). Genetic effects are not only relative to a reference genotype, but also to a scale of measurement, which will depend on the trait in question. For fitness, which is inherently on ...
... as a reference point and how one could translate from one reference genotype to another (see also Barton & Turelli 2004). Genetic effects are not only relative to a reference genotype, but also to a scale of measurement, which will depend on the trait in question. For fitness, which is inherently on ...
Accelerated Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in
... reproductive success or female-biased dispersal will increase this ratio above three-fourths (the reverse would decrease it below three-fourths) since the Xs are more often transmitted by females than males compared with the autosomes (Caballero 1995; Charlesworth 2001; Laporte and Charlesworth 2002 ...
... reproductive success or female-biased dispersal will increase this ratio above three-fourths (the reverse would decrease it below three-fourths) since the Xs are more often transmitted by females than males compared with the autosomes (Caballero 1995; Charlesworth 2001; Laporte and Charlesworth 2002 ...
Probability 1. Probability Probabilities are used to express the
... Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behavior whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitnes ...
... Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism is altruistic behavior whose evolution is driven by kin selection. Kin selection is an instance of inclusive fitnes ...
Chapter 23
... Evolution by natural selection involves both chance and “sorting” New genetic variations arise by chance Beneficial alleles are “sorted” and favored by natural selection ...
... Evolution by natural selection involves both chance and “sorting” New genetic variations arise by chance Beneficial alleles are “sorted” and favored by natural selection ...
Chapter 23 - The Evolution of Populations
... ! The occurrence of PKU is 1 per 10,000 births 3. Natural selection can only act on rare homozygous individuals who do not follow dietary restrictions ...
... ! The occurrence of PKU is 1 per 10,000 births 3. Natural selection can only act on rare homozygous individuals who do not follow dietary restrictions ...
Title Changes in the Concept of "Fitness" in Evolutionary Biology
... with teleological connotation. On the other hand, the "survival of the fittest" does not allow such a teleological reading. To understand Wallace and Darwin's attitude, we need to take account of this background. Then, what was the result of adopting the phrase? When Darwin accepted Wallace's critic ...
... with teleological connotation. On the other hand, the "survival of the fittest" does not allow such a teleological reading. To understand Wallace and Darwin's attitude, we need to take account of this background. Then, what was the result of adopting the phrase? When Darwin accepted Wallace's critic ...
Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
... The traveling salesman must visit every city in his territory exactly once and then return to the starting point; given the cost of travel between all cities, how should he plan his itinerary for minimum total cost of the entire tour? ...
... The traveling salesman must visit every city in his territory exactly once and then return to the starting point; given the cost of travel between all cities, how should he plan his itinerary for minimum total cost of the entire tour? ...
Within- and between-species DNA sequence variation and the
... to fall into the strongly deleterious class, but, in addition, a substantial proportion of mutations confers fitness effects in the neighborhood of neutrality. Such mutations evolve under roughly equal magnitudes of selection and drift, so that nucleotide differences between species reflect a combin ...
... to fall into the strongly deleterious class, but, in addition, a substantial proportion of mutations confers fitness effects in the neighborhood of neutrality. Such mutations evolve under roughly equal magnitudes of selection and drift, so that nucleotide differences between species reflect a combin ...
Biological Levers and Extended Adaptationism, Biology
... dividing features into likely and unlikely candidates for adaptive explanation. Instead, each approach treats all features alike. For any feature, the adaptationist rule is to look first for an adaptive explanation, while the anti-adaptationist rule is to consider the full range of explanatory alter ...
... dividing features into likely and unlikely candidates for adaptive explanation. Instead, each approach treats all features alike. For any feature, the adaptationist rule is to look first for an adaptive explanation, while the anti-adaptationist rule is to consider the full range of explanatory alter ...
The Binary Genetic Algorithm
... variables comes from experience or trial optimization runs. Other times we have an analytical cost function. A cost function defined by f (w, x, y, z) = 2 x + 3 y + z 100000 + w 9876 with all variables lying between 1 and 10 can be simplified to help the optimization algorithm. Since the w and z ter ...
... variables comes from experience or trial optimization runs. Other times we have an analytical cost function. A cost function defined by f (w, x, y, z) = 2 x + 3 y + z 100000 + w 9876 with all variables lying between 1 and 10 can be simplified to help the optimization algorithm. Since the w and z ter ...
The evolutionary history of the CCR5-Δ32 HIV
... While the estimated ages range over the last few millennia, these dates are all relatively young in evolutionary time, particularly for an allele with a 10% average frequency in Europe. Based on its frequency in Europe, the CCR5-D32 deletion would be estimated to be 127,500 years old, if it had been ...
... While the estimated ages range over the last few millennia, these dates are all relatively young in evolutionary time, particularly for an allele with a 10% average frequency in Europe. Based on its frequency in Europe, the CCR5-D32 deletion would be estimated to be 127,500 years old, if it had been ...
2001.Genetica.Carrol.. - University of Kentucky
... To explore genetic architecture and adaptive evolution, we conducted environmental and genetic experiments with two recently (ca. 100 generations) diverged, geographically adjacent races of the soapberry bug. One race occurs on a native host plant species, the other on an introduced host. We focused ...
... To explore genetic architecture and adaptive evolution, we conducted environmental and genetic experiments with two recently (ca. 100 generations) diverged, geographically adjacent races of the soapberry bug. One race occurs on a native host plant species, the other on an introduced host. We focused ...
Mutualism and asexual reproduction influence recognition genes in
... offspring even though it is more costly than asexual reproduction (e.g., Barton & Charlesworth 1998; Otto 2003). This costly reproductive strategy could be maintained because recombination acts to provide advantageous genotypes necessary for adaptation to changing environments or because recombinati ...
... offspring even though it is more costly than asexual reproduction (e.g., Barton & Charlesworth 1998; Otto 2003). This costly reproductive strategy could be maintained because recombination acts to provide advantageous genotypes necessary for adaptation to changing environments or because recombinati ...
Landscape structure and genetic architecture jointly impact
... Finally, dispersal is a key evolutionary factor, modulating the probability and rate of adaptation to new environmental conditions by a number of mechanisms. Dispersal may, for instance, facilitate adaptation by spreading beneficial alleles throughout a population’s range (Davis and Shaw 2001, Bell ...
... Finally, dispersal is a key evolutionary factor, modulating the probability and rate of adaptation to new environmental conditions by a number of mechanisms. Dispersal may, for instance, facilitate adaptation by spreading beneficial alleles throughout a population’s range (Davis and Shaw 2001, Bell ...
PowerPoint - Scranton Prep Biology
... Formation of New Alleles A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be ...
... Formation of New Alleles A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be ...
population - Holy Trinity Diocesan High School
... Formation of New Alleles A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be ...
... Formation of New Alleles A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be ...
GenJam: A Genetic Algorithm for Generating Jazz Solos
... parent. As we shall see, human fitness functions in a musical domain present some interesting problems. The selection step in the algorithm reflects the evolutionary principle that the fitter individuals in a population tend to survive and mate. Selection in GAs usually involves a random process, bi ...
... parent. As we shall see, human fitness functions in a musical domain present some interesting problems. The selection step in the algorithm reflects the evolutionary principle that the fitter individuals in a population tend to survive and mate. Selection in GAs usually involves a random process, bi ...
Notes - GitHub Pages
... where H is the observed heterozygosity in the population and H0 is the expected heterozygosity in a Hardy-Weinberg population (2pq). An equivalent definition comes from the pattern of an individuals predigree: • autozygous alleles Two alleles in an individual that are identical by descent from a sin ...
... where H is the observed heterozygosity in the population and H0 is the expected heterozygosity in a Hardy-Weinberg population (2pq). An equivalent definition comes from the pattern of an individuals predigree: • autozygous alleles Two alleles in an individual that are identical by descent from a sin ...
Model of Interaction between Learning and
... selection leads to a decrease of the distance ρ. Since the intensity of the selection is large, and the Hamming distance between genotypes SGk in the initial population and the optimal chain SM is of the order of N, the whole process of the evolutionary optimization takes approximately GT ~ N genera ...
... selection leads to a decrease of the distance ρ. Since the intensity of the selection is large, and the Hamming distance between genotypes SGk in the initial population and the optimal chain SM is of the order of N, the whole process of the evolutionary optimization takes approximately GT ~ N genera ...
Sexual selection when the female directly benefits
... exaggeration, until a point is reached at which the benefit to females from pairing with males in good condition is exactly balanced by the costs to her of the elaborate trait on which her choice is based. Interestingly, at this equilibrium sexual selection holds the male trait well off the value th ...
... exaggeration, until a point is reached at which the benefit to females from pairing with males in good condition is exactly balanced by the costs to her of the elaborate trait on which her choice is based. Interestingly, at this equilibrium sexual selection holds the male trait well off the value th ...
Implementation of molecular markers for quantitative traits in
... generally useful for manipulating complex traits like yield. Beavis (1998) observed that, “it seems fair to say that molecular markers have had little impact on crop improvement despite hundreds of published QTL experiments during the last 10 years.” One obvious reason for this is that DNA marker te ...
... generally useful for manipulating complex traits like yield. Beavis (1998) observed that, “it seems fair to say that molecular markers have had little impact on crop improvement despite hundreds of published QTL experiments during the last 10 years.” One obvious reason for this is that DNA marker te ...
ASSORTATIVE MATING BY FITNESS AND SEXUALLY
... The conditions for the maintenance of SA genetic variation under random mating were originally delineated by Kidwell et al. (1977) for autosomal loci and by Rice (1984) and, more recently, Patten and Haig (2009) for sex-linked loci. I employed individual-based simulations to examine the role of asso ...
... The conditions for the maintenance of SA genetic variation under random mating were originally delineated by Kidwell et al. (1977) for autosomal loci and by Rice (1984) and, more recently, Patten and Haig (2009) for sex-linked loci. I employed individual-based simulations to examine the role of asso ...
Ecological speciation in phytophagous insects
... alternatives to ecological speciation, the geography of speciation, and the molecular signatures of speciation. Throughout, we aim to both synthesize what is known, as well as highlight areas where future work is especially needed. ...
... alternatives to ecological speciation, the geography of speciation, and the molecular signatures of speciation. Throughout, we aim to both synthesize what is known, as well as highlight areas where future work is especially needed. ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.