INTERACTION OF SELECTION, MUTATION, AND DRIFT
... into any general theory of evolution. Thus, although the material in this chapter is confined to one- and two-locus systems, the resultant principles provide the basic building blocks for more complex models for the evolution of quantitative traits presented in subsequent chapters. Whereas mutation ...
... into any general theory of evolution. Thus, although the material in this chapter is confined to one- and two-locus systems, the resultant principles provide the basic building blocks for more complex models for the evolution of quantitative traits presented in subsequent chapters. Whereas mutation ...
Article Genetic Signatures Reveal High-Altitude
... for signals of positive selection and compared our findings with those from previous studies on high altitude adaptation in Ethiopians. For completeness, we carried out the same analysis with Oromo samples, both separately and when pooled with the Amhara–Tigray groups (see Materials and Methods for ...
... for signals of positive selection and compared our findings with those from previous studies on high altitude adaptation in Ethiopians. For completeness, we carried out the same analysis with Oromo samples, both separately and when pooled with the Amhara–Tigray groups (see Materials and Methods for ...
Chapter 4 Evolutionary Model of Immune Selection
... Figure 2 illustrates how the observed patterns of synonymous and non-synonymous polymorphism represent a confounding between the evolutionary processes of mutation and natural selection. For example, it is generally assumed in studies of adaptation that organisms are optimally adapted to their envir ...
... Figure 2 illustrates how the observed patterns of synonymous and non-synonymous polymorphism represent a confounding between the evolutionary processes of mutation and natural selection. For example, it is generally assumed in studies of adaptation that organisms are optimally adapted to their envir ...
What is an Evolutionary Algorithm?
... Survivor Selection / Termination An example Typical behaviours of EA’s EC in context of global optimization ...
... Survivor Selection / Termination An example Typical behaviours of EA’s EC in context of global optimization ...
Modes of speciation in heterogeneous space
... we evaluate whether a stationary state N̄(x, r) with given wµ is unstable with respect to a small mutant population n(x, r; t) with different mating range. Successful mutants are found to invade the resident population completely, producing a new stationary state. A possible dependence wµ (x) due to ...
... we evaluate whether a stationary state N̄(x, r) with given wµ is unstable with respect to a small mutant population n(x, r; t) with different mating range. Successful mutants are found to invade the resident population completely, producing a new stationary state. A possible dependence wµ (x) due to ...
The long-term evolution of multi- locus traits under
... the QG (e.g., Slatkin, 1979) and the AD framework (e.g., Metz et al., 1996). Bürger focuses on the dynamics and population genetic equilibria of the frequencies of a fixed set of alleles in a multi-locus model with frequency-dependent disruptive selection. He investigates the conditions under which ...
... the QG (e.g., Slatkin, 1979) and the AD framework (e.g., Metz et al., 1996). Bürger focuses on the dynamics and population genetic equilibria of the frequencies of a fixed set of alleles in a multi-locus model with frequency-dependent disruptive selection. He investigates the conditions under which ...
Mouse SNPbrowser™ Software
... Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are increasingly being used in mouse genetics for several applications, including both genome-wide phenotype-genotype association studies and genetic monitoring of laboratory mice strains. While within an inbred mouse strain there is little genetic variation, s ...
... Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are increasingly being used in mouse genetics for several applications, including both genome-wide phenotype-genotype association studies and genetic monitoring of laboratory mice strains. While within an inbred mouse strain there is little genetic variation, s ...
Evolutionary significance of stress- induced mutagenesis in
... selection [5]. However, recent progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in SIM and also the selection acting on systems that modulate mutation rates have reframed the debate in a fully neo-Darwinian paradigm [6], in which mutations appear without any knowledge of their potential effect on g ...
... selection [5]. However, recent progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in SIM and also the selection acting on systems that modulate mutation rates have reframed the debate in a fully neo-Darwinian paradigm [6], in which mutations appear without any knowledge of their potential effect on g ...
Eiben Chapter3 Genetic Algorithms
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
Mate choice for indirect genetic benefits: scrutiny of the current
... orientation towards a signal as a proxy for choice of a mating partner, the most serious potential problem with such an analysis should be clear: it does not take into account variation in the detectability of the signals. The importance of taking into account the detectability of the signal in form ...
... orientation towards a signal as a proxy for choice of a mating partner, the most serious potential problem with such an analysis should be clear: it does not take into account variation in the detectability of the signals. The importance of taking into account the detectability of the signal in form ...
Identifying Signatures of Natural Selection in Tibetan Data
... hypoxia. We looked across each chromosome to identify genomic regions with previously unknown function with respect to altitude phenotypes. In addition, groups of genes functioning in oxygen metabolism and sensing were examined to test the hypothesis that particular pathways have been involved in ge ...
... hypoxia. We looked across each chromosome to identify genomic regions with previously unknown function with respect to altitude phenotypes. In addition, groups of genes functioning in oxygen metabolism and sensing were examined to test the hypothesis that particular pathways have been involved in ge ...
Student Handout
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Using Computer Simulation to Understand Mutation
... which for the first time effectively models natural mutation distributions, environmental variance, and improved modeling of linkage/recombination. Mendel is designed to model sexually reproducing diploid organisms. Mendel tracks individual mutations in a detailed manner from parents to progeny thro ...
... which for the first time effectively models natural mutation distributions, environmental variance, and improved modeling of linkage/recombination. Mendel is designed to model sexually reproducing diploid organisms. Mendel tracks individual mutations in a detailed manner from parents to progeny thro ...
View PDF - Palumbi Lab
... evolution should tune it to be as efficient and flawless as possible. If this were the dominant evolutionary mechanism, then the reproductive system should evolve to the point where fertilization was mechanistically efficient, and then be under strong stabilizing selection to remain there, resulting ...
... evolution should tune it to be as efficient and flawless as possible. If this were the dominant evolutionary mechanism, then the reproductive system should evolve to the point where fertilization was mechanistically efficient, and then be under strong stabilizing selection to remain there, resulting ...
Inclusive fitness
... (note that G' is negative). A simple model for G is G(z) = 1–cz , where c is the rate at which average group competitiveness reduces available resources. If we put this into (13), and set the expression to zero, we get the ESS to be x* = (1–R)/c. Relatedness. The calculation of relatedness (7) requi ...
... (note that G' is negative). A simple model for G is G(z) = 1–cz , where c is the rate at which average group competitiveness reduces available resources. If we put this into (13), and set the expression to zero, we get the ESS to be x* = (1–R)/c. Relatedness. The calculation of relatedness (7) requi ...
Likelihood Based Clustering (LiBaC) for Codon Models, a method
... Models of codon evolution are useful for investigating the strength and direction of natural selection via a parameter for the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω = dN /dS). Different codon models are available to account for diversity of the evolutionary patterns among sites. Codon models which ...
... Models of codon evolution are useful for investigating the strength and direction of natural selection via a parameter for the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω = dN /dS). Different codon models are available to account for diversity of the evolutionary patterns among sites. Codon models which ...
Neutral Theory
... the concept of “molecular clock” based on the authors’ observation that the aminoacid substitution rate per year for a protein is more or less constant across different evolutionary lineages. Because the rate of neutral substitution equals the rate of neutral mutation, neutral theory can explain th ...
... the concept of “molecular clock” based on the authors’ observation that the aminoacid substitution rate per year for a protein is more or less constant across different evolutionary lineages. Because the rate of neutral substitution equals the rate of neutral mutation, neutral theory can explain th ...
Experimental studies of ploidy evolution in yeast
... Perhaps the most familiar and intuitive of the genetic hypotheses for diploid advantage focuses on the greater potential for genetic variation in diploid populations. There are two ways that diploids might carry more variation. Most simply, diploids can be heterozygous. At both the individual and po ...
... Perhaps the most familiar and intuitive of the genetic hypotheses for diploid advantage focuses on the greater potential for genetic variation in diploid populations. There are two ways that diploids might carry more variation. Most simply, diploids can be heterozygous. At both the individual and po ...
Chapter 25
... Heterozygote Advantage • Directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection describe how natural selection can act on polygenic traits in a single generation or episode. However, they are not the only patterns of selection. • In heterozygote advantage, heterozygous individuals h ...
... Heterozygote Advantage • Directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection describe how natural selection can act on polygenic traits in a single generation or episode. However, they are not the only patterns of selection. • In heterozygote advantage, heterozygous individuals h ...
1 Title: Long-term natural selection affects patterns of
... Natural selection on regions of the genome that affect traits can also affect the evolution of nearby neutral regions that are less likely to be separated from the selected allele by recombination. For example, levels of diversity are reduced in coding genes and in the regions around genes, likely b ...
... Natural selection on regions of the genome that affect traits can also affect the evolution of nearby neutral regions that are less likely to be separated from the selected allele by recombination. For example, levels of diversity are reduced in coding genes and in the regions around genes, likely b ...
Genetic Algorithms
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.