Etiological Theories of Function
... But the weak theory also requires that ancestral tokens of T must have “causally contributed to the reproduction of Ts”. This requirement is satisfied provided that T is also hereditary. For any hereditary trait that makes a causal contribution to viability, fertility, fecundity, or mating ability w ...
... But the weak theory also requires that ancestral tokens of T must have “causally contributed to the reproduction of Ts”. This requirement is satisfied provided that T is also hereditary. For any hereditary trait that makes a causal contribution to viability, fertility, fecundity, or mating ability w ...
Role of Genomics in Selection of Beef Cattle for Healthfulness
... Linkage Disequilibrium on Bos Taurus autosome 1 LD indicates the ability of observed SNP to act as surrogates (of other SNP) Hope this reflects the LD between SNP and QTL ...
... Linkage Disequilibrium on Bos Taurus autosome 1 LD indicates the ability of observed SNP to act as surrogates (of other SNP) Hope this reflects the LD between SNP and QTL ...
Genetic Algorithms
... Starting from the first crossover point look for elements in that segment of P2 that have not been copied For each of these i look in the offspring to see what element j has been copied in its place from P1 Place i into the position occupied j in P2, since we know that we will not be putting j there ...
... Starting from the first crossover point look for elements in that segment of P2 that have not been copied For each of these i look in the offspring to see what element j has been copied in its place from P1 Place i into the position occupied j in P2, since we know that we will not be putting j there ...
Genetic Algorithms
... Starting from the first crossover point look for elements in that segment of P2 that have not been copied For each of these i look in the offspring to see what element j has been copied in its place from P1 Place i into the position occupied j in P2, since we know that we will not be putting j there ...
... Starting from the first crossover point look for elements in that segment of P2 that have not been copied For each of these i look in the offspring to see what element j has been copied in its place from P1 Place i into the position occupied j in P2, since we know that we will not be putting j there ...
Motoo Kimura
... pursued one biologically significant question after another.He solved problems, buthe also formulated them. KIMURA is best known for his neutral theory. Yet, influential as this is and despite the great impact it has had on molecular evolution, many population geneticists probably remain even more i ...
... pursued one biologically significant question after another.He solved problems, buthe also formulated them. KIMURA is best known for his neutral theory. Yet, influential as this is and despite the great impact it has had on molecular evolution, many population geneticists probably remain even more i ...
Development of Neutral and Nearly Neutral Theories
... estimate that, in the mammal genome, ``one nucleotide pair has been substituted in the population roughly every 2 yr.'' He claimed that if these substitutions were caused by natural selection, the rate of substitution was too large to be compatible with Haldane's (1957) upper limit based on the cost ...
... estimate that, in the mammal genome, ``one nucleotide pair has been substituted in the population roughly every 2 yr.'' He claimed that if these substitutions were caused by natural selection, the rate of substitution was too large to be compatible with Haldane's (1957) upper limit based on the cost ...
The Evolutionary Reduction Principle for Linear Variation in Genetic
... includes gene conversion, methylation, deletions, duplications, insertions, transpositions, and other chromosomal alterations. These two processes, augmented by a third — the randomness of sampling in finite populations — provide the basis for our causal explanations of the characteristics of organ ...
... includes gene conversion, methylation, deletions, duplications, insertions, transpositions, and other chromosomal alterations. These two processes, augmented by a third — the randomness of sampling in finite populations — provide the basis for our causal explanations of the characteristics of organ ...
temperature effects, and localization of a mobile genetic element Dm
... First of all, we can conclude on the basis of the results of genetic analysis of control (riC) and two S-lines (riSN and riSP), that the genetic system of expression of ri is a typical polygenic system (see M ATHER & JINKS, 1982). This means that, apart from oligogenes (ri and, perhaps, some others) ...
... First of all, we can conclude on the basis of the results of genetic analysis of control (riC) and two S-lines (riSN and riSP), that the genetic system of expression of ri is a typical polygenic system (see M ATHER & JINKS, 1982). This means that, apart from oligogenes (ri and, perhaps, some others) ...
Condition-dependent mutation rates and sexual selection
... the most important mutational events for evolution are those that occur in the germline, as these are inherited by offspring. The majority of mutations are deleterious to fitness; so, some opposing force must maintain the mutation rate above zero. Selection can favour the spread of mutator alleles t ...
... the most important mutational events for evolution are those that occur in the germline, as these are inherited by offspring. The majority of mutations are deleterious to fitness; so, some opposing force must maintain the mutation rate above zero. Selection can favour the spread of mutator alleles t ...
GLYPHOSATE RESISTANCE Background / Problem
... simulation, but analytical rather than empirical Simulate large number of populations with two diploid individuals, p=0.5 ...
... simulation, but analytical rather than empirical Simulate large number of populations with two diploid individuals, p=0.5 ...
Genetic Tools for Studying Adaptation and the Evolution of Behavior
... evolved (Hoffmann 2000). In the laboratory, it is possible to rear members of a family independently, or at least in a split-brood design, so that genetic and environmental factors are not confounded statistically. Recent models and empirical studies of social effects on behavior (Moore et al. 1997, ...
... evolved (Hoffmann 2000). In the laboratory, it is possible to rear members of a family independently, or at least in a split-brood design, so that genetic and environmental factors are not confounded statistically. Recent models and empirical studies of social effects on behavior (Moore et al. 1997, ...
PowerPoint - Beef Improvement Federation
... Marker-assisted selection is the process of using the results of DNA testing to assist in the selection of individuals to become parents in the next generation. Van Eenennaam BIF – 4/2006 ...
... Marker-assisted selection is the process of using the results of DNA testing to assist in the selection of individuals to become parents in the next generation. Van Eenennaam BIF – 4/2006 ...
Evolving Indirectly Represented Melodies with Corpus
... average values for fitness was around 1.5 and maximum fitness was changing rapidly reaching the level of 3 (average φ value of 0.6) without the ability of keeping these good genes across generations. It was still far from the peak φ values (~ 4.0). In later generations a new phenomenon occurs – ‘not ...
... average values for fitness was around 1.5 and maximum fitness was changing rapidly reaching the level of 3 (average φ value of 0.6) without the ability of keeping these good genes across generations. It was still far from the peak φ values (~ 4.0). In later generations a new phenomenon occurs – ‘not ...
Inclusive fitness and the sociobiology of the genome
... Hamilton’s rule provides conditions for the evolutionary success of a gene. These conditions ensure that the gene is selfish in the sense described by Dawkins (1976). In particular, Hamilton’s rule implies that the conditions for the evolutionary success of a gene are distinct from the conditions un ...
... Hamilton’s rule provides conditions for the evolutionary success of a gene. These conditions ensure that the gene is selfish in the sense described by Dawkins (1976). In particular, Hamilton’s rule implies that the conditions for the evolutionary success of a gene are distinct from the conditions un ...
John Maynard Smith and the natural philosophy of adaptation
... So far I have discussed the maintenance of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination. But what of their origins? Surely evolution theory should be concerned with the origins of adaptations, not merely with their maintenance once they have arisen. There is much in this objection; indeed, one of t ...
... So far I have discussed the maintenance of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination. But what of their origins? Surely evolution theory should be concerned with the origins of adaptations, not merely with their maintenance once they have arisen. There is much in this objection; indeed, one of t ...
11.4 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium KEY CONCEPT Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a framework for
... • Predicted genotype frequencies are compared with actual frequencies. – used for traits in simple dominant-recessive systems – must know frequency of recessive homozygotes – p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 "The Hardy-Weinberg equation is based on Mendelian genetics. It is derived from a simple Punnett square in ...
... • Predicted genotype frequencies are compared with actual frequencies. – used for traits in simple dominant-recessive systems – must know frequency of recessive homozygotes – p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 "The Hardy-Weinberg equation is based on Mendelian genetics. It is derived from a simple Punnett square in ...
Chapter 23 PowerPoint - The Evolution of Populations
... • Insecticides have been used to target mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus and malaria • Alleles have evolved in some populations that confer insecticide resistance to these mosquitoes • The flow of insecticide resistance alleles into a population can cause an increase in fitness Copyright © 2008 ...
... • Insecticides have been used to target mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus and malaria • Alleles have evolved in some populations that confer insecticide resistance to these mosquitoes • The flow of insecticide resistance alleles into a population can cause an increase in fitness Copyright © 2008 ...
Emergent Neutrality in Adaptive Asexual Evolution
... a—potentially large—fraction of genomic sites to have nearly random fixed alleles, which do not reflect the direction of selection at these sites. Thus, interference interactions not only reduce the speed of adaptation, but also degrade the genome state and the population’s fitness in its current envir ...
... a—potentially large—fraction of genomic sites to have nearly random fixed alleles, which do not reflect the direction of selection at these sites. Thus, interference interactions not only reduce the speed of adaptation, but also degrade the genome state and the population’s fitness in its current envir ...
CHAPTER 6 POPULATION GENETICS SELECTION
... and was not clearly related to heritable genetic variation as had been proposed; the estimates of heritability were biased due to circular reasoning in data collection. Second, even if "feeblemindedness" were mostly due to a rare recessive allele, even strong selection would not appreciably reduce t ...
... and was not clearly related to heritable genetic variation as had been proposed; the estimates of heritability were biased due to circular reasoning in data collection. Second, even if "feeblemindedness" were mostly due to a rare recessive allele, even strong selection would not appreciably reduce t ...
Two Historical Perspectives - University of Hawaii at Hilo
... Science magazine recently surveyed over 100 developmental biologists on two questions. The first asked for opinions on the greatest unanswered questions in developmental biology. The second asked which areas would see the most progress in the next five years. Among the unanswered questions "What is ...
... Science magazine recently surveyed over 100 developmental biologists on two questions. The first asked for opinions on the greatest unanswered questions in developmental biology. The second asked which areas would see the most progress in the next five years. Among the unanswered questions "What is ...
User`s Manual - Mendel`s Accountant
... ability based on data from other organisms, the fraction of “major mutations”. The default is 0.001. c. Cut-off point for defining “major effect” - A somewhat arbitrary level must be selected for defining what constitutes a “measurable”, or “major”, mutation effect. MENDEL uses a default value for t ...
... ability based on data from other organisms, the fraction of “major mutations”. The default is 0.001. c. Cut-off point for defining “major effect” - A somewhat arbitrary level must be selected for defining what constitutes a “measurable”, or “major”, mutation effect. MENDEL uses a default value for t ...
Slide 1
... personal reproduction • but is it ever possible that animals do not strictly maximise their personal reproduction? • William Hamilton: yes, if interactions occur between relatives. In that case we need to take into account that relatives contain copies of one's own genes. Can select for altruism (he ...
... personal reproduction • but is it ever possible that animals do not strictly maximise their personal reproduction? • William Hamilton: yes, if interactions occur between relatives. In that case we need to take into account that relatives contain copies of one's own genes. Can select for altruism (he ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.