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Genetic Algorithms
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
The evolution of sex chromosomes in organisms with separate
... and where W̄ represents the mean fitness over the life cycle, which equals W̄ = o M A U A• + o Ma Ua• . As long as the marginal fitness of the alleles differs, however, one will be higher than the mean and one will be lower, so there will always be one eigenvalue greater than one. Furthermore, it ca ...
... and where W̄ represents the mean fitness over the life cycle, which equals W̄ = o M A U A• + o Ma Ua• . As long as the marginal fitness of the alleles differs, however, one will be higher than the mean and one will be lower, so there will always be one eigenvalue greater than one. Furthermore, it ca ...
The influence of insects and hummingbirds on the
... of the focal interacting species, may often lead to variable patterns of adaptation and maladaptation across populations (Gomulkiewicz et al. 2000, Nuismer et al. 2003, Rudgers and Strauss 2004). Even if corolla and guide size result from pollinator-mediated selection in some populations, processes ...
... of the focal interacting species, may often lead to variable patterns of adaptation and maladaptation across populations (Gomulkiewicz et al. 2000, Nuismer et al. 2003, Rudgers and Strauss 2004). Even if corolla and guide size result from pollinator-mediated selection in some populations, processes ...
Conclusions from Hardy
... infection rate about 25%. However, 32 allele almost absent Under these conditions 32 frequency will hardly change because most copies of allele are in heterozygotes, which are not protected from HIV. ...
... infection rate about 25%. However, 32 allele almost absent Under these conditions 32 frequency will hardly change because most copies of allele are in heterozygotes, which are not protected from HIV. ...
lecture 03 - Hardy-Weinberg - Cal State LA
... In a population where adults mate randomly every generation, does the frequency of alleles change over time? Assume a population where there are two alleles of a gene, A and a - frequency of allele A in the gene pool is 60%, or 0.6 - in other words, 60% of sperm and 60% of eggs made by adults in thi ...
... In a population where adults mate randomly every generation, does the frequency of alleles change over time? Assume a population where there are two alleles of a gene, A and a - frequency of allele A in the gene pool is 60%, or 0.6 - in other words, 60% of sperm and 60% of eggs made by adults in thi ...
Distinguishing Drift and Selection Empirically: “The - Philsci
... and showing that this signature obtained in the populations under study, Lamotte was able to make a good case for a significant role for drift. It may be difficult to disentangle the causes of drift and selection acting in a population, but it is not (always) impossible. ...
... and showing that this signature obtained in the populations under study, Lamotte was able to make a good case for a significant role for drift. It may be difficult to disentangle the causes of drift and selection acting in a population, but it is not (always) impossible. ...
Weak Selection and Protein Evolution
... three weak evolutionary forces: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection acting at its limit of efficacy. Such forces generally have little impact on allele frequencies within populations from generation to generation but can have substantial effects on long-term evolution. The evolutionary dyn ...
... three weak evolutionary forces: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection acting at its limit of efficacy. Such forces generally have little impact on allele frequencies within populations from generation to generation but can have substantial effects on long-term evolution. The evolutionary dyn ...
Polymorphism in heterogeneous environments, evolution of habitat
... considerably broadened if habitat selection is genetically determined by adaptive gene pleiotropy (the same genes determine adaptation and habitat selection). In certain cases, no selective advantage is necessary. No clear assumption is made, by these authors, concerning the origin and evolution of ...
... considerably broadened if habitat selection is genetically determined by adaptive gene pleiotropy (the same genes determine adaptation and habitat selection). In certain cases, no selective advantage is necessary. No clear assumption is made, by these authors, concerning the origin and evolution of ...
selection for recombination in small populations
... origin and persistence of sex and recombination (Morgan 1913; Fisher 1930; Muller 1932; Haldane 1990), and it relies on the stochastic nature of evolution in small populations. In infinitely large populations, every genotype already exists; thus, as long as there is no epistasis and no initial linka ...
... origin and persistence of sex and recombination (Morgan 1913; Fisher 1930; Muller 1932; Haldane 1990), and it relies on the stochastic nature of evolution in small populations. In infinitely large populations, every genotype already exists; thus, as long as there is no epistasis and no initial linka ...
Reading the Book of Life: Contingency and Convergence
... for a non-contingently constrained adaptational design space. Most important is the need to distinguish between convergent evolution (due to external, non-contingent constraint) and parallel evolution (due in large part to internal, contingent constraint), and to consider how the respective frequenc ...
... for a non-contingently constrained adaptational design space. Most important is the need to distinguish between convergent evolution (due to external, non-contingent constraint) and parallel evolution (due in large part to internal, contingent constraint), and to consider how the respective frequenc ...
a demographic framework mapping genes to communities Coulson, T
... sensitivity matrix calculated from the demographic transition matrix and the population growth rate between two points in time (Caswell, 2001). There are various points of clarification required concerning equations (2) and (3). First, their purpose is not to provide a fully developed formal model, ...
... sensitivity matrix calculated from the demographic transition matrix and the population growth rate between two points in time (Caswell, 2001). There are various points of clarification required concerning equations (2) and (3). First, their purpose is not to provide a fully developed formal model, ...
Recent genetic selection in the ancestral
... the massive intercontinental migration altered environmental conditions in the New World sufficiently that all three ancestral populations were challenged. Again, specific African- or Native American–derived alleles rose in frequency. A second possibility is that various genes contributed to specifi ...
... the massive intercontinental migration altered environmental conditions in the New World sufficiently that all three ancestral populations were challenged. Again, specific African- or Native American–derived alleles rose in frequency. A second possibility is that various genes contributed to specifi ...
A survey on feature ranking by means of evolutionary computation
... Literature entries for feature ranking are numerous and growing. However, the aim of this paper is to review only those involving a natural heuristic search for the important attributes, i.e. by means of evolutionary algorithms. Evolutionary computation is known to be the Swiss army knife of metaheu ...
... Literature entries for feature ranking are numerous and growing. However, the aim of this paper is to review only those involving a natural heuristic search for the important attributes, i.e. by means of evolutionary algorithms. Evolutionary computation is known to be the Swiss army knife of metaheu ...
Tutorial on Theoretical Population Genetics
... large effect in the face of genetic drift, while mutation will be unable to keep variability in the population. These calculations are relevant to controversies from 1932 on as to whether Sewall Wright’s “Shifting Balance Theory" is valid. Wright suggested that adaptation would happen most readily i ...
... large effect in the face of genetic drift, while mutation will be unable to keep variability in the population. These calculations are relevant to controversies from 1932 on as to whether Sewall Wright’s “Shifting Balance Theory" is valid. Wright suggested that adaptation would happen most readily i ...
ppt.
... • But how could the chemoton form? • How can its metabolism be stable without enzymes? • We are running simulations now to understand the conditions under which large autocatalytic metabolic systems can be both evolvable and stable. ...
... • But how could the chemoton form? • How can its metabolism be stable without enzymes? • We are running simulations now to understand the conditions under which large autocatalytic metabolic systems can be both evolvable and stable. ...
Molecular Evolution of the Endosperm Starch Synthesis Pathway
... the roles of various forces of evolution, such as selection and drift, in shaping patterns of genetic variation (Clegg 1997). Numerous studies have been conducted to understand their relative roles in evolution (Wright and Gaut 2005; Ramos-Onsins et al. 2008). However, most of this work focuses on i ...
... the roles of various forces of evolution, such as selection and drift, in shaping patterns of genetic variation (Clegg 1997). Numerous studies have been conducted to understand their relative roles in evolution (Wright and Gaut 2005; Ramos-Onsins et al. 2008). However, most of this work focuses on i ...
Effects of Genic Base Composition on Growth Rate in G+C
... The variation in genomic base composition among bacteria has been thought to arise primarily from species-specific differences in the frequencies of each mutation (Sueoka 1962; Freese 1962). Recent comparisons of closely related genomes indicate that, for most genomes, the input of new mutations woul ...
... The variation in genomic base composition among bacteria has been thought to arise primarily from species-specific differences in the frequencies of each mutation (Sueoka 1962; Freese 1962). Recent comparisons of closely related genomes indicate that, for most genomes, the input of new mutations woul ...
Chapter 5 Gases
... How Does Natural Selection Maintain Diversity? • Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection in which some individuals of a population out-reproduce others because they are better at securing mates – The most adaptive forms of a trait are those that help individuals defeat same-sex rivals for mate ...
... How Does Natural Selection Maintain Diversity? • Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection in which some individuals of a population out-reproduce others because they are better at securing mates – The most adaptive forms of a trait are those that help individuals defeat same-sex rivals for mate ...
Notes for a course in Behavioral Genetics and Evolution
... between X and Y (e.g., between height and math SAT). Negative correlations (between 0 and -1) indicate that larger Xs tend to be paired with smaller Ys and vice versa. If the correlation is nearly 1 or -1, it means that Y is nearly linearly related to X, Y = c + dX, where d has the same sign as r. A ...
... between X and Y (e.g., between height and math SAT). Negative correlations (between 0 and -1) indicate that larger Xs tend to be paired with smaller Ys and vice versa. If the correlation is nearly 1 or -1, it means that Y is nearly linearly related to X, Y = c + dX, where d has the same sign as r. A ...
Adaptive Evolution of 5#HoxD Genes in the
... statistic (2Dl) approximates to a chi-square distribution and can be used to compare nested likelihood models. Where we found evidence of a significant change in selection pressure (x) in an ancestral branch, we explored this further with the free-ratio model, in which x is assumed to be independent ...
... statistic (2Dl) approximates to a chi-square distribution and can be used to compare nested likelihood models. Where we found evidence of a significant change in selection pressure (x) in an ancestral branch, we explored this further with the free-ratio model, in which x is assumed to be independent ...
Eiben Chapter2
... Survivor Selection / Termination An example Typical behaviours of EA’s EC in context of global optimization ...
... Survivor Selection / Termination An example Typical behaviours of EA’s EC in context of global optimization ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.