remained fairly constant, the present pattern being that of the
... female to copulate. Consequently male colour-pattern is particularly conservative, as demonstrated by the rarity of polymorphism in male butterflies as compared with females. For the reasons given, it seems likely that the male colour-pattern is older than the races of P. dardanus. This does not tel ...
... female to copulate. Consequently male colour-pattern is particularly conservative, as demonstrated by the rarity of polymorphism in male butterflies as compared with females. For the reasons given, it seems likely that the male colour-pattern is older than the races of P. dardanus. This does not tel ...
slides
... Chimeric ESTs are quite common Chimeric ESTs are a major nuisance for array probe selection One of the fusion partners is usually a highly expressed mRNA Double-picking of chimeric ESTs can fool even cautious clustering programs. Unigene contains several chimeric clusters The annotation of chimeric ...
... Chimeric ESTs are quite common Chimeric ESTs are a major nuisance for array probe selection One of the fusion partners is usually a highly expressed mRNA Double-picking of chimeric ESTs can fool even cautious clustering programs. Unigene contains several chimeric clusters The annotation of chimeric ...
Evolutionary forces and population differentiation
... distribution for allele frequencies differ for the two populations? Does either population actually lose genetic variability? Does the length of time that passes affect the likelihood that an allele will become fixed (that is, hit a frequency of 0 or 1)? 1. Double-click the GenX icon to start the pr ...
... distribution for allele frequencies differ for the two populations? Does either population actually lose genetic variability? Does the length of time that passes affect the likelihood that an allele will become fixed (that is, hit a frequency of 0 or 1)? 1. Double-click the GenX icon to start the pr ...
Natural selection and the maximization of fitness
... and epistasis complicate the transmission of fitness between parents and offspring. Offspring, while resembling their parents on the whole, inherit a combination of genes that is not a simple replica of either parent. Consequently, a gene that promotes the fitness of a parent can, on finding itself ...
... and epistasis complicate the transmission of fitness between parents and offspring. Offspring, while resembling their parents on the whole, inherit a combination of genes that is not a simple replica of either parent. Consequently, a gene that promotes the fitness of a parent can, on finding itself ...
Spiteful soldiers and sex ratio conflict in polyembryonic parasitoid wasps
... wasps (Gardner and West 2004a). In some (but not all) species belonging to the hymenopteran family Encrytidae, a fraction of larvae develop precociously as soldiers (Cruz 1986; Strand 2003), giving up their own future reproduction in order to kill competitors, including opposite sex siblings, develo ...
... wasps (Gardner and West 2004a). In some (but not all) species belonging to the hymenopteran family Encrytidae, a fraction of larvae develop precociously as soldiers (Cruz 1986; Strand 2003), giving up their own future reproduction in order to kill competitors, including opposite sex siblings, develo ...
The Neutral Theory Polymorphism
... ! Levels of heterozygosity are too constant between different species ! The molecular clock is not constant enough, and there are genes not following a clock-like behavior ! Genetic variation and evolutionary rates are not always related as predicted ...
... ! Levels of heterozygosity are too constant between different species ! The molecular clock is not constant enough, and there are genes not following a clock-like behavior ! Genetic variation and evolutionary rates are not always related as predicted ...
Natural selection and the maximization of fitness
... stops at a local maximum rather than finding its way to the global maximum. The problem is that the population stops at a point that is not a maximum at all, whether local or global. If we insist on employing the ‘adaptive landscape’ metaphor in such cases, we should say that the stopping point lies ...
... stops at a local maximum rather than finding its way to the global maximum. The problem is that the population stops at a point that is not a maximum at all, whether local or global. If we insist on employing the ‘adaptive landscape’ metaphor in such cases, we should say that the stopping point lies ...
Final Exam
... SAQ #1. Please state and BRIEFLY explain the major objectives of this course in evolution. Recall there were 5 objectives in all, and the 5th one is given below. I need the other 4. #1. – (4 pts.) #2. – (4 pts.) #3. – (4 pts.) #4. – (4 pts.) #5. – Understand the Uses and Effects of the Theory of Evo ...
... SAQ #1. Please state and BRIEFLY explain the major objectives of this course in evolution. Recall there were 5 objectives in all, and the 5th one is given below. I need the other 4. #1. – (4 pts.) #2. – (4 pts.) #3. – (4 pts.) #4. – (4 pts.) #5. – Understand the Uses and Effects of the Theory of Evo ...
Wright, Sewall Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16:97
... space-time, and with modes of response to external conditions which it appears can be related to the genetics of individuals only as statistical consequences of the latter. From a still broader viewpoint (compare LOTKA 1925) the species itself is merely an element in a much more extensive evolving p ...
... space-time, and with modes of response to external conditions which it appears can be related to the genetics of individuals only as statistical consequences of the latter. From a still broader viewpoint (compare LOTKA 1925) the species itself is merely an element in a much more extensive evolving p ...
Evolution of Genetic Potential
... between genetically robust states, then increasingly favors genetic potential, and ultimately produces mechanisms for environmental robustness within individual organisms. We then present a more biological example of this phenomenon using a model of amino acid evolution. There is evidence that, with ...
... between genetically robust states, then increasingly favors genetic potential, and ultimately produces mechanisms for environmental robustness within individual organisms. We then present a more biological example of this phenomenon using a model of amino acid evolution. There is evidence that, with ...
Defenders of the truth
... 16 The sociobiologists and their enemies: taking stock after 25 years 307 The rise of the evolutionary paradigm 307 Wilson's evolution in a changing environment 309 Moral victors in the sociobiology debate 311 Wilsonian sociobiology—an assessment 313 Coming to terms with human sociobiology 316 Shoot ...
... 16 The sociobiologists and their enemies: taking stock after 25 years 307 The rise of the evolutionary paradigm 307 Wilson's evolution in a changing environment 309 Moral victors in the sociobiology debate 311 Wilsonian sociobiology—an assessment 313 Coming to terms with human sociobiology 316 Shoot ...
The evolution of mutual ornamentation
... in females and continued selection for higher expression in males (Fig. 1a). When female mate choice was allowed to evolve in the model this did not change the above scenario (Lande & Arnold 1985). In these models, species always passed through a mutually ornamented stage during their evolution towa ...
... in females and continued selection for higher expression in males (Fig. 1a). When female mate choice was allowed to evolve in the model this did not change the above scenario (Lande & Arnold 1985). In these models, species always passed through a mutually ornamented stage during their evolution towa ...
Chapter 8-Evolutionary Theory
... • Benefit to altruistic individual comes from reciprocation of altruism by other individual © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood ...
... • Benefit to altruistic individual comes from reciprocation of altruism by other individual © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood ...
First question is how to create chromosomes, what type of encoding
... be said, that each gene encodes a trait, for example color of eyes. During reproduction, first a recombination (or crossover) occurs. Genes from parents in some way form the whole new chromosome. The new created offspring can then be mutated. Mutation means, that the elements of DNA are a bit ch ...
... be said, that each gene encodes a trait, for example color of eyes. During reproduction, first a recombination (or crossover) occurs. Genes from parents in some way form the whole new chromosome. The new created offspring can then be mutated. Mutation means, that the elements of DNA are a bit ch ...
11.4 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
... 1. very large population: no genetic drift 2. no emigration or immigration: no gene flow 3. no mutations: no new alleles added to gene pool 4. random mating: no sexual selection 5. no natural selection: all traits aid equally in survival ...
... 1. very large population: no genetic drift 2. no emigration or immigration: no gene flow 3. no mutations: no new alleles added to gene pool 4. random mating: no sexual selection 5. no natural selection: all traits aid equally in survival ...
A Predictive Based Regression Algorithm for Gene Network
... Stéphane Guerrier1 , Nabil Mili2 & Samuel Orso2 ...
... Stéphane Guerrier1 , Nabil Mili2 & Samuel Orso2 ...
The genetic consequences of selection in natural populations
... depending on the assumed or known level of dominance and the method used to estimate selection. While methods that estimate s by directly measuring fitness differences between homozygotes are robust to changes in h, methods that track changes in allele frequency or that measure fitness in heterozygo ...
... depending on the assumed or known level of dominance and the method used to estimate selection. While methods that estimate s by directly measuring fitness differences between homozygotes are robust to changes in h, methods that track changes in allele frequency or that measure fitness in heterozygo ...
Darwinian adaptation, population genetics and the streetcar theory
... most important is the insight that the processes of non-trivial Darwinian evolution in n-locus models and that of rational decision making (as defined in economic theory) come to an important halt at very similar solutions. I call this the ‘rationality paradox’ because it makes animal behaviour look ...
... most important is the insight that the processes of non-trivial Darwinian evolution in n-locus models and that of rational decision making (as defined in economic theory) come to an important halt at very similar solutions. I call this the ‘rationality paradox’ because it makes animal behaviour look ...
Chapter 23 PowerPoint 2016 - Spring
... • The phrases “struggle for existence” and “survival of the fittest” are misleading as they imply direct competition among individuals – Reproductive success is generally more subtle and depends on many factors • Relative fitness is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next g ...
... • The phrases “struggle for existence” and “survival of the fittest” are misleading as they imply direct competition among individuals – Reproductive success is generally more subtle and depends on many factors • Relative fitness is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next g ...
The Evolution of Populations
... generation span of about two days. It also has an RNA genome, which has a much higher mutation rate than a typical DNA genome because of the lack of RNA repair mechanisms in host cells (see Chapter 19). For this reason, it is unlikely that a single-drug treatment would ever be effective against HIV; ...
... generation span of about two days. It also has an RNA genome, which has a much higher mutation rate than a typical DNA genome because of the lack of RNA repair mechanisms in host cells (see Chapter 19). For this reason, it is unlikely that a single-drug treatment would ever be effective against HIV; ...
1. Assortative mating— a. affects genotype frequencies expected
... exacerbated by small population size. Founder effects are essentially the same process, but occur when new populations are found by just a small number of individuals from an originally large population. Challenge Questions 1. In Trinidadian guppies a combination of elegant laboratory and field expe ...
... exacerbated by small population size. Founder effects are essentially the same process, but occur when new populations are found by just a small number of individuals from an originally large population. Challenge Questions 1. In Trinidadian guppies a combination of elegant laboratory and field expe ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.