Evolution - Inters.org
... science as the latter put forward the idea that the concept of "becoming" included not only growth and development (just as a seed grows into a plant), but also and foremost deep transformation and unpredictable consequences. Along this line of thought it was Bergson (1859-1941) who first introduced ...
... science as the latter put forward the idea that the concept of "becoming" included not only growth and development (just as a seed grows into a plant), but also and foremost deep transformation and unpredictable consequences. Along this line of thought it was Bergson (1859-1941) who first introduced ...
Effective size of populations with heritable variation in fitness
... equation 3, all possible covariances (eight covariances) among psi and the relative fitness fu(v)i (u, v = m or f) are accounted for in our derivation, while under the RUG model, the relevant covariances are limited to only four covariances [cov(psi, fu(s)i) (s, u = m or f)], because couples are not ...
... equation 3, all possible covariances (eight covariances) among psi and the relative fitness fu(v)i (u, v = m or f) are accounted for in our derivation, while under the RUG model, the relevant covariances are limited to only four covariances [cov(psi, fu(s)i) (s, u = m or f)], because couples are not ...
Using Disruptive Selection to Maintain Diversity in Genetic Algorithms
... genetic algorithms have proven to be a promising technique for many optimization, design, control, and machine learning applications. A novel selection method, disruptive selection, has been proposed. This method adopts a nonmonotonic fitness function that is quite different from conventional monoto ...
... genetic algorithms have proven to be a promising technique for many optimization, design, control, and machine learning applications. A novel selection method, disruptive selection, has been proposed. This method adopts a nonmonotonic fitness function that is quite different from conventional monoto ...
Gene flow and introgression between domesticated crops and their wild relatives
... island model of migration, the amount of gene flow needed to prevent independent evolution between subpopulations is relatively low, about 1 migrant per generation (Nm), suggesting that even if the rate of dispersal and outcrossing are very variable among, and even within, species, in most cases gen ...
... island model of migration, the amount of gene flow needed to prevent independent evolution between subpopulations is relatively low, about 1 migrant per generation (Nm), suggesting that even if the rate of dispersal and outcrossing are very variable among, and even within, species, in most cases gen ...
Mutation and selection within the individual
... have focused on the potential conflict between selection at the cellular and individual levels, it must be much more common that the two levels act concordantly. When selection at the cell and individual levels act in a cooperative manner, increased rather than decreased opportunity for germline sel ...
... have focused on the potential conflict between selection at the cellular and individual levels, it must be much more common that the two levels act concordantly. When selection at the cell and individual levels act in a cooperative manner, increased rather than decreased opportunity for germline sel ...
Kirkpatrick (1982) - Indiana University Bloomington
... the equilibrium is independent of the recombination fraction, r. The value of D equilibrates at a level determined by the nonrandom mating rather than being a balance between selection and recombination as is found in many two-locus selection models (Ewens, 1969). What if the deleterious trait is no ...
... the equilibrium is independent of the recombination fraction, r. The value of D equilibrates at a level determined by the nonrandom mating rather than being a balance between selection and recombination as is found in many two-locus selection models (Ewens, 1969). What if the deleterious trait is no ...
Evolution and Its Mechanisms - Zanichelli online per la scuola
... changes in allele frequencies. In large populations, genetic drift can influence frequencies of alleles that don’t affect survival and reproduction. If populations are reduced to a small number of individuals—a population bottleneck, genetic drift can reduce the genetic variation. ...
... changes in allele frequencies. In large populations, genetic drift can influence frequencies of alleles that don’t affect survival and reproduction. If populations are reduced to a small number of individuals—a population bottleneck, genetic drift can reduce the genetic variation. ...
A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection Part X
... to fix a character would probably employ inbreeding. Hence certain theorems on inbreeding combined with selection will be proved. Again there is a close analogy between the populations considered and autopolyploid populations. In each case we shall consider a population derived from an F1 obtained b ...
... to fix a character would probably employ inbreeding. Hence certain theorems on inbreeding combined with selection will be proved. Again there is a close analogy between the populations considered and autopolyploid populations. In each case we shall consider a population derived from an F1 obtained b ...
Local adaptation to biocontrol agents: A multi-objective data-
... problem. Pathogen models have examined uniform and variable environmental effects (Hilker et al., 2006). When selection varies on a spatial scale, adaptation may include not only changes in the mean value of a trait, but also aspects of the variability of the trait; and thus, adaptation is most real ...
... problem. Pathogen models have examined uniform and variable environmental effects (Hilker et al., 2006). When selection varies on a spatial scale, adaptation may include not only changes in the mean value of a trait, but also aspects of the variability of the trait; and thus, adaptation is most real ...
Local adaptation to biocontrol agents
... problem. Pathogen models have examined uniform and variable environmental effects (Hilker et al., 2006). When selection varies on a spatial scale, adaptation may include not only changes in the mean value of a trait, but also aspects of the variability of the trait; and thus, adaptation is most real ...
... problem. Pathogen models have examined uniform and variable environmental effects (Hilker et al., 2006). When selection varies on a spatial scale, adaptation may include not only changes in the mean value of a trait, but also aspects of the variability of the trait; and thus, adaptation is most real ...
COMPARING ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC VARIANCE AS
... switches. Several recent studies report such switches in bacteria (reviewed in Dubnau and Losick 2006; Veening et al. 2008) where they might be more common than previously thought. In multicellular organisms, there are only few well-supported examples for discrete phenotypic distributions due to bet ...
... switches. Several recent studies report such switches in bacteria (reviewed in Dubnau and Losick 2006; Veening et al. 2008) where they might be more common than previously thought. In multicellular organisms, there are only few well-supported examples for discrete phenotypic distributions due to bet ...
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
... natural selection and genetics. They are inspired by Darwin’s theory about evolution – “Survival of the fittest.” They represent an intelligent exploitation of random search used to solve optimization problems. GAs, although randomized, exploit historical information to direct the search into the re ...
... natural selection and genetics. They are inspired by Darwin’s theory about evolution – “Survival of the fittest.” They represent an intelligent exploitation of random search used to solve optimization problems. GAs, although randomized, exploit historical information to direct the search into the re ...
genetic load and soft selection in ferns
... CRUMPACKER, D. w. 1967. Genetic loads in maize (Zea mays L.) and other cross-fertilized plants and animals. Evolut. Biol,, 1, 306—424. DOBZHANSKY. T. 1957. Genetic loads in natural populations. Science, 126, 19 1—194. FRANKLIN, E. C. 1972. Genetic load in loblolly pine. Amer. Natur., 106, 262—265. G ...
... CRUMPACKER, D. w. 1967. Genetic loads in maize (Zea mays L.) and other cross-fertilized plants and animals. Evolut. Biol,, 1, 306—424. DOBZHANSKY. T. 1957. Genetic loads in natural populations. Science, 126, 19 1—194. FRANKLIN, E. C. 1972. Genetic load in loblolly pine. Amer. Natur., 106, 262—265. G ...
- Wiley Online Library
... on the resource, and hence on selection, is reduced to a function of the frequency of allele E. Genotypic fitnesses arc given in Table I. It can bc seen that the fitnesses arc assumed to be functions of a fixed viability component and a frequency-dependent viability component. The fixed component is ...
... on the resource, and hence on selection, is reduced to a function of the frequency of allele E. Genotypic fitnesses arc given in Table I. It can bc seen that the fitnesses arc assumed to be functions of a fixed viability component and a frequency-dependent viability component. The fixed component is ...
Week 8
... – Otherwise, they loose out to the others who do manage to maximize their growth rates in the same conditions and thus come to dominate the populations ...
... – Otherwise, they loose out to the others who do manage to maximize their growth rates in the same conditions and thus come to dominate the populations ...
Plasticity, memory and the adaptive landscape of the genotype
... landscape, the suppression of phenotypic variation is selectively advantageous (¢gure 2). The optimal phenotype, which was originally induced by the environment, becomes genetically `¢xed' by the selection acting on the plasticity (P), and the mean (x). Genetic assimilation occurs much closer to the ...
... landscape, the suppression of phenotypic variation is selectively advantageous (¢gure 2). The optimal phenotype, which was originally induced by the environment, becomes genetically `¢xed' by the selection acting on the plasticity (P), and the mean (x). Genetic assimilation occurs much closer to the ...
Evolutionary Learning
... Artificial Life (ALife) - Definition “Artificial Life (ALife) is the study of man-made systems that exhibit behaviors characteristic of natural systems. It complements the traditional biological science concerned with the analysis of living organisms by attempting to synthesize lifelike behaviors w ...
... Artificial Life (ALife) - Definition “Artificial Life (ALife) is the study of man-made systems that exhibit behaviors characteristic of natural systems. It complements the traditional biological science concerned with the analysis of living organisms by attempting to synthesize lifelike behaviors w ...
Molecular clock: insights and pitfalls
... --- Introductory seminar on the use of molecular tools in natural history collections - 6-7 November 2007, RMCA --- ...
... --- Introductory seminar on the use of molecular tools in natural history collections - 6-7 November 2007, RMCA --- ...
Quiz 6
... and spread quickly throughout the southern states. At that time, nearly all fire ants were found in colonies with a single queen, called monogyne colonies. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that some colonies, called polygyne colonies, had multiple queens. Monogyne colonies produce more offspring ...
... and spread quickly throughout the southern states. At that time, nearly all fire ants were found in colonies with a single queen, called monogyne colonies. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that some colonies, called polygyne colonies, had multiple queens. Monogyne colonies produce more offspring ...
Evolutionary origins of invasive populations
... tunity. However, the preponderance of invaders from disturbed habitats suggests that disturbance itself might have served as an evolutionary force leading to invasive success. An increasing number of theoretical and empirical studies suggest that disturbance might, through a variety of mechanisms, p ...
... tunity. However, the preponderance of invaders from disturbed habitats suggests that disturbance itself might have served as an evolutionary force leading to invasive success. An increasing number of theoretical and empirical studies suggest that disturbance might, through a variety of mechanisms, p ...
Genes and speciation
... render large ®tness reduction in some genetic backgrounds, the nonadaptive argument must assume that these genes are effectively neutral in their native background. This is far more stringent an assumption than those behind the conventional neutrality argument that certain genetic changes are too su ...
... render large ®tness reduction in some genetic backgrounds, the nonadaptive argument must assume that these genes are effectively neutral in their native background. This is far more stringent an assumption than those behind the conventional neutrality argument that certain genetic changes are too su ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.