Estimating Allele Frequencies for a Specific Trait within a Sample
... Understanding natural selection can be confusing and difficult. People often think that organisms consciously adapt to their environments. For example, that the peppered moth can change its color, the giraffe can permanently stretch its neck, the polar bear can turn itself white – all so that they c ...
... Understanding natural selection can be confusing and difficult. People often think that organisms consciously adapt to their environments. For example, that the peppered moth can change its color, the giraffe can permanently stretch its neck, the polar bear can turn itself white – all so that they c ...
NAME
... interaction between blue acara and pike cichlids. If competition were a factor between acara and rivulus (or cichlids), then fitness of each should go up following either experiment. This would support the prediction of competition b/c when populations compete, fitness for both is reduced through th ...
... interaction between blue acara and pike cichlids. If competition were a factor between acara and rivulus (or cichlids), then fitness of each should go up following either experiment. This would support the prediction of competition b/c when populations compete, fitness for both is reduced through th ...
RESEARCH STATEMENT RICHARD R. LAWLER
... demography, and locomotor behavior. If I had to apply a single name to what I do, I would suggest “population biologist” in that I mostly tend to study a single evolving population rather than engage in comparative/interspecific studies. Broadly, I am interested in the ecological and behavioral proc ...
... demography, and locomotor behavior. If I had to apply a single name to what I do, I would suggest “population biologist” in that I mostly tend to study a single evolving population rather than engage in comparative/interspecific studies. Broadly, I am interested in the ecological and behavioral proc ...
ppt6
... Do we need inference? Getting direct evidence on the evolutionary history is only partially possible: The fossil record had probably given us more evolutionary understanding than any other resource (definitely more than genomes) But it cannot teach us much on evolution at the genome level – and we c ...
... Do we need inference? Getting direct evidence on the evolutionary history is only partially possible: The fossil record had probably given us more evolutionary understanding than any other resource (definitely more than genomes) But it cannot teach us much on evolution at the genome level – and we c ...
EAs
... chooses the closer one to extend the tour. If one city has already appeared in the tour, we choose the other city. If both cities have already appeared, we randomly select a non-selected city." Sources: J. J. Grefenstetts, R. Gopal, B. Rosmaita, and D. Van Gucht. Genetic Algorithms for the Trave ...
... chooses the closer one to extend the tour. If one city has already appeared in the tour, we choose the other city. If both cities have already appeared, we randomly select a non-selected city." Sources: J. J. Grefenstetts, R. Gopal, B. Rosmaita, and D. Van Gucht. Genetic Algorithms for the Trave ...
2 What is an Evolutionary Algorithm?
... their role and related issues of terminology. This is immediately followed by two example applications (unlike other chapters, where example applications are typically given at the end) to make things more concrete. Further on we discuss general issues for EAs concerning their working. Finally, we p ...
... their role and related issues of terminology. This is immediately followed by two example applications (unlike other chapters, where example applications are typically given at the end) to make things more concrete. Further on we discuss general issues for EAs concerning their working. Finally, we p ...
Soft Computing : Optimization Techniques using Genetic Algorithms
... settings for a trait (e.g. blue, brown) are called alleles. Each gene has its own position in the chromosome. This position is called locus. ...
... settings for a trait (e.g. blue, brown) are called alleles. Each gene has its own position in the chromosome. This position is called locus. ...
Genetic Variation Underlying Sexual Behavior and Reproduction
... Synopsis. Selection depletes additive genetic variation underlying traits important in fitness. Intense mating competition and female choice may result in negligible heritability in males. Females often appear to choose mates, however, suggesting genetic variation in males which is important to fema ...
... Synopsis. Selection depletes additive genetic variation underlying traits important in fitness. Intense mating competition and female choice may result in negligible heritability in males. Females often appear to choose mates, however, suggesting genetic variation in males which is important to fema ...
Background Selection in Single Genes May Explain
... standard formula for fixation probability for a single locus (Kimura 1962). Simulations have confirmed that this result also applies to a large number of strongly selected, linked sites, each subject to mutation and selection (M. Nordborg, personal communication). The level of adaptation at weakly s ...
... standard formula for fixation probability for a single locus (Kimura 1962). Simulations have confirmed that this result also applies to a large number of strongly selected, linked sites, each subject to mutation and selection (M. Nordborg, personal communication). The level of adaptation at weakly s ...
Sexual selection and speciation
... species counts, comparative studies do suggest that sexual selection can accelerate the net rate of speciation. Divergence in secondary sexual characters might, however, generate reproductively isolated, but ecologically equivalent species unable to coexist in SYMPATRY. Some evidence suggests that t ...
... species counts, comparative studies do suggest that sexual selection can accelerate the net rate of speciation. Divergence in secondary sexual characters might, however, generate reproductively isolated, but ecologically equivalent species unable to coexist in SYMPATRY. Some evidence suggests that t ...
Sexual selection and speciation
... species counts, comparative studies do suggest that sexual selection can accelerate the net rate of speciation. Divergence in secondary sexual characters might, however, generate reproductively isolated, but ecologically equivalent species unable to coexist in SYMPATRY. Some evidence suggests that t ...
... species counts, comparative studies do suggest that sexual selection can accelerate the net rate of speciation. Divergence in secondary sexual characters might, however, generate reproductively isolated, but ecologically equivalent species unable to coexist in SYMPATRY. Some evidence suggests that t ...
BIOLOGY LAB: NATURAL SELECTION AND ALLELE FREQUENCY
... Assume that the pinto beans represent alleles that produce normal-colored gray rabbits and that gray fur is dominant to white fur. The white navy bean, then, represents a recessive allele that produces albino rabbits In the homozygous condition. The dark-colored pinto bean represents a dominant alle ...
... Assume that the pinto beans represent alleles that produce normal-colored gray rabbits and that gray fur is dominant to white fur. The white navy bean, then, represents a recessive allele that produces albino rabbits In the homozygous condition. The dark-colored pinto bean represents a dominant alle ...
BIOLOGY LAB: NATURAL SELECTION AND ALLELE FREQUENCY
... Assume that the pinto beans represent alleles that produce normal-colored gray rabbits and that gray fur is dominant to white fur. The white navy bean, then, represents a recessive allele that produces albino rabbits in the homozygous condition. The dark-colored pinto bean represents a dominant alle ...
... Assume that the pinto beans represent alleles that produce normal-colored gray rabbits and that gray fur is dominant to white fur. The white navy bean, then, represents a recessive allele that produces albino rabbits in the homozygous condition. The dark-colored pinto bean represents a dominant alle ...
Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
... – if there are only a few possible solutions – and you have enough time – then such a method could be used ...
... – if there are only a few possible solutions – and you have enough time – then such a method could be used ...
Parallel speciation with allopatry
... might not have been completed during the allopatric period. It seems probable that late invaders would also try to use the benthic niche as it is presumably more favorable. However, the second group of invaders might have been outcompeted by populations already established in the benthic niche and t ...
... might not have been completed during the allopatric period. It seems probable that late invaders would also try to use the benthic niche as it is presumably more favorable. However, the second group of invaders might have been outcompeted by populations already established in the benthic niche and t ...
Slides - liacs
... • Evolutionary algorithms are population based metaheuristics using selection, recombination, mutation operators. NSGA-II uses nondominated sorting for ranking based on dominance; and diversity based ranking: crowding distance • Hypervolume indicator measures the dominated (hyper)volume • SMS-EMOA m ...
... • Evolutionary algorithms are population based metaheuristics using selection, recombination, mutation operators. NSGA-II uses nondominated sorting for ranking based on dominance; and diversity based ranking: crowding distance • Hypervolume indicator measures the dominated (hyper)volume • SMS-EMOA m ...
Putting Process and Product Conceptions of Natural Selection and
... already considered. In the non-causal, discriminate case above, if we choose the first five red cards, then their being chosen is (partially) explained by (and would have, before-the-fact, been predicted by) the fact that the cards are red (the higher “trait fitness” of red against black). This, the ...
... already considered. In the non-causal, discriminate case above, if we choose the first five red cards, then their being chosen is (partially) explained by (and would have, before-the-fact, been predicted by) the fact that the cards are red (the higher “trait fitness” of red against black). This, the ...
90459 Genetic Variation answers-03
... a disease could wipe out a whole group of genetically similar individuals / selection pressures (natural selection) can act or links to disadvantages, eg reduced variation increases chance of (recessive) genetic diseases / small gene pools increase chances of homozygosity. ...
... a disease could wipe out a whole group of genetically similar individuals / selection pressures (natural selection) can act or links to disadvantages, eg reduced variation increases chance of (recessive) genetic diseases / small gene pools increase chances of homozygosity. ...
MAINTENANCE OR LOSS OF GENETIC VARIATION UNDER
... optimal in a maternally derived context is suboptimal in a paternally derived context, or vice versa. Such conflicting selection can arise when individuals interact with asymmetric kin, which are individuals for whom the relatedness of the maternally derived al C ...
... optimal in a maternally derived context is suboptimal in a paternally derived context, or vice versa. Such conflicting selection can arise when individuals interact with asymmetric kin, which are individuals for whom the relatedness of the maternally derived al C ...
lecture 12 - quantitative traits I - Cal State LA
... To predict if a trait will evolve in response to selection, you need to know two things: ...
... To predict if a trait will evolve in response to selection, you need to know two things: ...
Gene Flow and Natural Selection in Oceanic
... 1979; Roberts et al. 1990). These first settlers are considered as ancestors of indigenous Melanesians (Papuans) and Australians, who are anthropologically classified into the Australoid. The second major migration to Oceania was made about 4 KYA by Austronesian-speaking people (Bellwood 1989, 1991) ...
... 1979; Roberts et al. 1990). These first settlers are considered as ancestors of indigenous Melanesians (Papuans) and Australians, who are anthropologically classified into the Australoid. The second major migration to Oceania was made about 4 KYA by Austronesian-speaking people (Bellwood 1989, 1991) ...
A pesticide that was rarely used in 1932 was used with increasing
... Green crabs are native predators of the blue mussels that live along the coast of Maine. The blue mussels have acquired an adaptation that allows them to detect the unique waterborne chemicals produced by green crabs and produce thicker shells that are more difficult for the green crabs to break. In ...
... Green crabs are native predators of the blue mussels that live along the coast of Maine. The blue mussels have acquired an adaptation that allows them to detect the unique waterborne chemicals produced by green crabs and produce thicker shells that are more difficult for the green crabs to break. In ...
Selection and inheritance of sexually dimorphic juvenile plumage
... description of the role sex chromosomes have on phenotypic variation (Husby et al. 2013). The Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) is a suitable model organism to study the selection and inheritance of plumage coloration. Both sexually immature juvenile (Siefferman et al. 2008) and adult (Bri ...
... description of the role sex chromosomes have on phenotypic variation (Husby et al. 2013). The Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) is a suitable model organism to study the selection and inheritance of plumage coloration. Both sexually immature juvenile (Siefferman et al. 2008) and adult (Bri ...
Conservation Implications of Niche Conservatism and
... (in the absence of stochastic fluctuations) if it experiences conditions within its niche, but go extinct if forced to live outside its niche. Many conservation problems arise because environmental change forces a species’ population outside that species’ ecological niche. Evolution that influences ...
... (in the absence of stochastic fluctuations) if it experiences conditions within its niche, but go extinct if forced to live outside its niche. Many conservation problems arise because environmental change forces a species’ population outside that species’ ecological niche. Evolution that influences ...
Sympatric Speciation
... Thoday, 1960; Thodayand Gibson, 1962). Although.Iam unable to account forthe rapiditywithwhich Thoday and Gibson were able to establish reproductiveisolation betweentwo populationsof Drosophila melanogaster, this series of experimentshas shownthat disruptiveselection (i.e., selection favoringextreme ...
... Thoday, 1960; Thodayand Gibson, 1962). Although.Iam unable to account forthe rapiditywithwhich Thoday and Gibson were able to establish reproductiveisolation betweentwo populationsof Drosophila melanogaster, this series of experimentshas shownthat disruptiveselection (i.e., selection favoringextreme ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.