The Relative Contributions of the X Chromosome and Autosomes to
... Charlesworth 2009), and epistasis (Connallon et al. 2012). Faster-X research has particularly emphasized the interplay between genetic dominance and adaptation (e.g., Orr 2010; Meisel and Connallon 2013). Theory predicts that X-linked genes should adapt more rapidly than the autosomes when beneficia ...
... Charlesworth 2009), and epistasis (Connallon et al. 2012). Faster-X research has particularly emphasized the interplay between genetic dominance and adaptation (e.g., Orr 2010; Meisel and Connallon 2013). Theory predicts that X-linked genes should adapt more rapidly than the autosomes when beneficia ...
Running head: Coulson et al. Running Head Title
... In additive genetic models used to predict evolutionary change, it is usually assumed that E is determined by developmental noise. An individual’s environmental component can be considered as a random value drawn from a Gaussian distribution with a mean and a constant variance: norm(0, V (E, t)). A ...
... In additive genetic models used to predict evolutionary change, it is usually assumed that E is determined by developmental noise. An individual’s environmental component can be considered as a random value drawn from a Gaussian distribution with a mean and a constant variance: norm(0, V (E, t)). A ...
Old Exams
... 5. Which of the following is true about the distribution of breast cancer? a) breast cancer incidence is higher in Eastern Europe than Western Europe b) breast cancer incidence is highest in areas with Mus musculus c) a+b d) neither a nor b 6. Strassmann’s results on Dogon women, and on women in oth ...
... 5. Which of the following is true about the distribution of breast cancer? a) breast cancer incidence is higher in Eastern Europe than Western Europe b) breast cancer incidence is highest in areas with Mus musculus c) a+b d) neither a nor b 6. Strassmann’s results on Dogon women, and on women in oth ...
Document
... 19. Which is true of the prairie chicken population in Illinois? a) hatching success has increased since 1990 b) individuals were imported from other states to increase gene flow c) a+b d) neither a nor b 20. Experiments by Paul Weeks provide evidence that the interaction between oxpeckers and cows ...
... 19. Which is true of the prairie chicken population in Illinois? a) hatching success has increased since 1990 b) individuals were imported from other states to increase gene flow c) a+b d) neither a nor b 20. Experiments by Paul Weeks provide evidence that the interaction between oxpeckers and cows ...
SI - Evolocus LLC
... expression of many different genes, are really necessary for multi-cellular organism. The reason is (see Fig. 7) that protein A that increases probability of reversible genetic change towards activation of genetic loci and protein B that increases probability of reversible genetic change towards dea ...
... expression of many different genes, are really necessary for multi-cellular organism. The reason is (see Fig. 7) that protein A that increases probability of reversible genetic change towards activation of genetic loci and protein B that increases probability of reversible genetic change towards dea ...
Animal breeding
... collections of pedigrees. What are the rules of transmission (for the population) in this case? What happens to the frequencies of alleles from one generation to the next? What about the frequency of genotypes? The machinery of popoulation genetics provides these answers, extending the Mendelian rul ...
... collections of pedigrees. What are the rules of transmission (for the population) in this case? What happens to the frequencies of alleles from one generation to the next? What about the frequency of genotypes? The machinery of popoulation genetics provides these answers, extending the Mendelian rul ...
Genetic algorithm
... building block theory that was proposed by Holland in the 1970s. This theory is not without support though, based on theoretical and experimental results (see below). The basic algorithm performs crossover and mutation at the bit level. Other variants treat the chromosome as a list of numbers which ...
... building block theory that was proposed by Holland in the 1970s. This theory is not without support though, based on theoretical and experimental results (see below). The basic algorithm performs crossover and mutation at the bit level. Other variants treat the chromosome as a list of numbers which ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... advance in the predator, for instance, triggering an evolutionary response in the prey. (The Oxford Dictionary of Natural History, 1985) According to the description above, coevolution involves closely interacting species. ...
... advance in the predator, for instance, triggering an evolutionary response in the prey. (The Oxford Dictionary of Natural History, 1985) According to the description above, coevolution involves closely interacting species. ...
Exam 2 questions
... d. individual populations were polymorphic for several loci and most populations were genetically similar to one another. Correct Answer: most populations were fixed for a single genotype, but genotypes varied among populations This is not what we would predict if selection had been acting, but is e ...
... d. individual populations were polymorphic for several loci and most populations were genetically similar to one another. Correct Answer: most populations were fixed for a single genotype, but genotypes varied among populations This is not what we would predict if selection had been acting, but is e ...
Genetic Algorithm Using SAS/IML
... Selection according to fitness scores combined with crossover operators gives genetic algorithms the majority of their processing power and the mutation operator plays a secondary role. Mutation rarely occurs in nature and is the result of a miscoded genetic material being passed from the parent to ...
... Selection according to fitness scores combined with crossover operators gives genetic algorithms the majority of their processing power and the mutation operator plays a secondary role. Mutation rarely occurs in nature and is the result of a miscoded genetic material being passed from the parent to ...
characters found in indica xjaponica
... Two subspecies of common rice, indica and japonica, are distinguishable by differences in alleles at a number of loci controlling biochemical and morphological traits. The nature of associations between twelve alleles and phenotypes was studied in both a sample of varieties and hybrid populations de ...
... Two subspecies of common rice, indica and japonica, are distinguishable by differences in alleles at a number of loci controlling biochemical and morphological traits. The nature of associations between twelve alleles and phenotypes was studied in both a sample of varieties and hybrid populations de ...
ALGORITHMICS - West University of Timișoara
... 1. ONEMAX: find the binary sequence (x1,…,xn) which maximizes the function f(x1,…,xn)=x1+…+xn 2. Knapsack: there is a set of n objects of weights (w1,…,wn) and values (v1,…,vn) and a knapsack of capacity C; find a subset of objects which can be included in the knapsack without overpassing its capaci ...
... 1. ONEMAX: find the binary sequence (x1,…,xn) which maximizes the function f(x1,…,xn)=x1+…+xn 2. Knapsack: there is a set of n objects of weights (w1,…,wn) and values (v1,…,vn) and a knapsack of capacity C; find a subset of objects which can be included in the knapsack without overpassing its capaci ...
Role of Utility and Inference in the Evolution of Functional Information
... sources, hunting strategies etc., and all these help them to survive and reproduce. Umwelt makes external objects meaningful for the animal; thus, Uexküll viewed his work as a theory of meaning. Uexküll went further and assumed that Umwelt exists even in organisms without a brain, such as plants and ...
... sources, hunting strategies etc., and all these help them to survive and reproduce. Umwelt makes external objects meaningful for the animal; thus, Uexküll viewed his work as a theory of meaning. Uexküll went further and assumed that Umwelt exists even in organisms without a brain, such as plants and ...
Liberating genetic variance through sex
... negative (or else the recombination load is too onerous).(5) The above discussion is incomplete, however, because constant selection is not the only force generating associations among alleles. Selection varying over time or space, or in combination with random genetic drift, may also create genetic ...
... negative (or else the recombination load is too onerous).(5) The above discussion is incomplete, however, because constant selection is not the only force generating associations among alleles. Selection varying over time or space, or in combination with random genetic drift, may also create genetic ...
Applied Animal Breeding and Gene
... The examination of most animal species reveals the existence of phenotype difference between individuals for example in cattle there are obvious difference in coat colours and the presence and absence of horns. If cattle are weighed or if milk production is recorded there will be difference in perfo ...
... The examination of most animal species reveals the existence of phenotype difference between individuals for example in cattle there are obvious difference in coat colours and the presence and absence of horns. If cattle are weighed or if milk production is recorded there will be difference in perfo ...
EvolutionReview
... change in allele frequencies when a sample is removed from the original population- either directly via founder effect, or indirectly in bottleneck effect? S2C06 Jeopardy Review ...
... change in allele frequencies when a sample is removed from the original population- either directly via founder effect, or indirectly in bottleneck effect? S2C06 Jeopardy Review ...
The origins of life and the mechanisms of biological evolution
... shape to the new ideas on the process of evolution, involving symbiotic principles4. Associated to the new symbiotic approach of biological world there is the concept of organism. This concept is important in the way that the organism must be seen as a symbiotic complex as it was postulated by Jan S ...
... shape to the new ideas on the process of evolution, involving symbiotic principles4. Associated to the new symbiotic approach of biological world there is the concept of organism. This concept is important in the way that the organism must be seen as a symbiotic complex as it was postulated by Jan S ...
supplementary materials
... request). This is because when an inversion is lost, it generally is lost in the first few generations ...
... request). This is because when an inversion is lost, it generally is lost in the first few generations ...
Phenotypic Evolution and Parthenogenesis Michael Lynch
... appear to be reasonable limits of this parameter for parthenogenetic species, based on the arguments above. Figure l a illustrates the equilibrium levels of heritability for different values of V,,,IV, for these two extremes of V,,,IVe. Both mutation and environmental variation limit the effectivene ...
... appear to be reasonable limits of this parameter for parthenogenetic species, based on the arguments above. Figure l a illustrates the equilibrium levels of heritability for different values of V,,,IV, for these two extremes of V,,,IVe. Both mutation and environmental variation limit the effectivene ...
homo-economicus The concept of extended identity homo-sapiens
... unknown; the future should not be highly discounted and the overall benefit of mutual cooperation should be very high compared to any other strategy (see Axelrod, 1984). The condition for initial development of cooperative behaviour is that either the cost of being cheated is be very low compared to ...
... unknown; the future should not be highly discounted and the overall benefit of mutual cooperation should be very high compared to any other strategy (see Axelrod, 1984). The condition for initial development of cooperative behaviour is that either the cost of being cheated is be very low compared to ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.