Methods for detecting positive selection and examples among fungi
... model explains the data better. This approach is recommended if a priori knowledge is available about which lineages in a phylogeny are more likely to be under selection. If not, methods that do not require the pre-selection of branches should be used. Kosakovsky Pond and Frost (2005) have proposed ...
... model explains the data better. This approach is recommended if a priori knowledge is available about which lineages in a phylogeny are more likely to be under selection. If not, methods that do not require the pre-selection of branches should be used. Kosakovsky Pond and Frost (2005) have proposed ...
A comparison of biological and cultural evolution
... whereas cooperation in human societies often occurs between genetically unrelated individuals, which fact seems to preclude explanations based on direct reciprocity. A solution to this problem was, however, suggested in 1971 by Robert L. Trivers, an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist ...
... whereas cooperation in human societies often occurs between genetically unrelated individuals, which fact seems to preclude explanations based on direct reciprocity. A solution to this problem was, however, suggested in 1971 by Robert L. Trivers, an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist ...
Directional Positive Selection on an Allele of Arbitrary
... the next event, t, is given by solving exp( z aðtÞdt) ¼ 1 U , where U is a uniform random number. The next event at time z 1 t is chosen randomly with probability ak ðz 1 tÞ=aðz 1 tÞ, where ak ðz 1 tÞ is the instantaneous rate of event k (e.g., recombination within the favored class), and aðz 1 t ...
... the next event, t, is given by solving exp( z aðtÞdt) ¼ 1 U , where U is a uniform random number. The next event at time z 1 t is chosen randomly with probability ak ðz 1 tÞ=aðz 1 tÞ, where ak ðz 1 tÞ is the instantaneous rate of event k (e.g., recombination within the favored class), and aðz 1 t ...
10.2 Evidence for Evolution
... Mutation creates new genetic variation in a gene pool. It is how all new alleles first arise. In sexually reproducing species, the mutations that matter for evolution are those that occur in gametes. Only these mutations can be passed to offspring. For any given gene, the chance of a mutation occurr ...
... Mutation creates new genetic variation in a gene pool. It is how all new alleles first arise. In sexually reproducing species, the mutations that matter for evolution are those that occur in gametes. Only these mutations can be passed to offspring. For any given gene, the chance of a mutation occurr ...
Why Sex and Recombination?
... selective disadvantages to asexual populations may cause their more rapid extinction. The distribution of asexuality among taxa could then reflect a dynamic equilibrium between the extinction and occasional reestablishment of asexual lineages [chapter 4 in (8); (13)]. But the life cycles of organism ...
... selective disadvantages to asexual populations may cause their more rapid extinction. The distribution of asexuality among taxa could then reflect a dynamic equilibrium between the extinction and occasional reestablishment of asexual lineages [chapter 4 in (8); (13)]. But the life cycles of organism ...
Unit 8 Evolution
... • How did Darwin form ideas about evolution? – Malthus noticed populations grow faster than their food supplies (they produce too many offspring) ...
... • How did Darwin form ideas about evolution? – Malthus noticed populations grow faster than their food supplies (they produce too many offspring) ...
emergence and maintenance of sex among diploid organisms aided
... “tournaments” between two alleles coding for reproductive strategy (gene 1, Table 1), in interbreeding populations. When creating the initial population, each individual was outfitted with any of two alleles for the gene coding for reproductive strategy (gene 1 in Table 1) and with a set of alleles ...
... “tournaments” between two alleles coding for reproductive strategy (gene 1, Table 1), in interbreeding populations. When creating the initial population, each individual was outfitted with any of two alleles for the gene coding for reproductive strategy (gene 1 in Table 1) and with a set of alleles ...
Genetic Drift - Carol Lee Lab
... • The Neutral theory posits that the vast majority of evolutionary change at the molecular level is caused by random genetic drift rather than natural selection. ...
... • The Neutral theory posits that the vast majority of evolutionary change at the molecular level is caused by random genetic drift rather than natural selection. ...
The formal Darwinism project: a mid
... equation as the equation of motion, as it can simultaneously represent diploidy, haploidy and haplodiploidy (and indeed ploidy that varies individually); sexual and asexual reproduction (and mixtures); one-locus, twolocus, few-locus and many-locus models; and takes the same form in the presence of e ...
... equation as the equation of motion, as it can simultaneously represent diploidy, haploidy and haplodiploidy (and indeed ploidy that varies individually); sexual and asexual reproduction (and mixtures); one-locus, twolocus, few-locus and many-locus models; and takes the same form in the presence of e ...
Lecture PPT - Carol Eunmi LEE
... Figure: the rate of evolution of hemoglobin. Each point on the graph is for a pair of species, or groups of species. From Kimura ...
... Figure: the rate of evolution of hemoglobin. Each point on the graph is for a pair of species, or groups of species. From Kimura ...
- Purugganan Lab
... (QTL) mapping experiments, have been largely consistent with theoretical predictions (this has been discussed elsewhere, e.g., Remington and Purugganan, 2003). QTL mapping experiments have shown that the number and effect of loci controlling adaptive plant traits are variable with anywhere from a co ...
... (QTL) mapping experiments, have been largely consistent with theoretical predictions (this has been discussed elsewhere, e.g., Remington and Purugganan, 2003). QTL mapping experiments have shown that the number and effect of loci controlling adaptive plant traits are variable with anywhere from a co ...
Evolutionary Algorithms.
... Selecting and Stopping • Once a decision is made the survivors comprise the next generation (Pop(t+1)). • This process of selecting parents based on their fitness, allowing them to create offspring, and replacing weaker members of the population is repeated for a user specified number of cycles. • ...
... Selecting and Stopping • Once a decision is made the survivors comprise the next generation (Pop(t+1)). • This process of selecting parents based on their fitness, allowing them to create offspring, and replacing weaker members of the population is repeated for a user specified number of cycles. • ...
Ch 5 849 - Michigan State University
... The steepness of the slope of the line for each family indicates the level of plasticity of that family. Figure 5.1A shows a population with no plasticity; the horizontal reaction norms indicate that each family produces the same phenotype in each environment. Note that the families differ phenotypi ...
... The steepness of the slope of the line for each family indicates the level of plasticity of that family. Figure 5.1A shows a population with no plasticity; the horizontal reaction norms indicate that each family produces the same phenotype in each environment. Note that the families differ phenotypi ...
NEUTRAL THEORY TOPIC 3: Rates and patterns of molecular
... This notion can be extended to other classes of sites within genes. Synonymous sites should have f0 = 1 as long as selection is acting only with respect to the protein product of a gene. In fact, the above figure illustrates that synonymous sites have a substitution rate comparable with that of pse ...
... This notion can be extended to other classes of sites within genes. Synonymous sites should have f0 = 1 as long as selection is acting only with respect to the protein product of a gene. In fact, the above figure illustrates that synonymous sites have a substitution rate comparable with that of pse ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... of their greater exposure to selection in hemizygous males when rare, and their fixation could result in the opposite pattern to that just described (Rice 1984; Charlesworth et al. 1987). There has been much discussion of how well these predictions are supported by studies of genome-wide patterns of ...
... of their greater exposure to selection in hemizygous males when rare, and their fixation could result in the opposite pattern to that just described (Rice 1984; Charlesworth et al. 1987). There has been much discussion of how well these predictions are supported by studies of genome-wide patterns of ...
Chapter 3: Selection and Adaptation Barry Sinervo © 1997-2007
... The theory of runaway sexual selection illustrates how genes for behavior and genes for morphology can become genetically correlated or linked. The linkage between genes is not a physical linkage where two loci lie in close proximity on the same chromosome. In the case of runaway sexual selection, t ...
... The theory of runaway sexual selection illustrates how genes for behavior and genes for morphology can become genetically correlated or linked. The linkage between genes is not a physical linkage where two loci lie in close proximity on the same chromosome. In the case of runaway sexual selection, t ...
13_Lecture_Presentation
... 13.9 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolutionary change in a population – Although alleles are shuffled, the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the population does not change – Similarly, if you shuffl ...
... 13.9 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolutionary change in a population – Although alleles are shuffled, the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the population does not change – Similarly, if you shuffl ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.