Population Genetics
... possibility of acquiring changed traits from parents. For example, he thought that if giraffes had to stretch to eat the tops of trees, their offspring would be born with longer necks. During the 19th century, Darwin published his theory of evolution, stating that members of a population vary consid ...
... possibility of acquiring changed traits from parents. For example, he thought that if giraffes had to stretch to eat the tops of trees, their offspring would be born with longer necks. During the 19th century, Darwin published his theory of evolution, stating that members of a population vary consid ...
The compact genetic algorithm - Evolutionary Computation, IEEE
... walk. As the GA progresses, genes fight with their competitors and their number in the population can go up or down depending on whether the GA makes good or bad decisions. These decisions are made implicitly by the GA when selection takes place. The next section explores the effects of this decisio ...
... walk. As the GA progresses, genes fight with their competitors and their number in the population can go up or down depending on whether the GA makes good or bad decisions. These decisions are made implicitly by the GA when selection takes place. The next section explores the effects of this decisio ...
R. A. FISHER. THE RELEVANCE OF THE GENETICAL THEORY OF
... background and his method of reasoning in terms of population allowed him to conceptually distinguish the two fundamental components of the ‘Theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection’ put forward by Charles Darwin: (a) genetic modifications and (b) environmental pressures. It is true that th ...
... background and his method of reasoning in terms of population allowed him to conceptually distinguish the two fundamental components of the ‘Theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection’ put forward by Charles Darwin: (a) genetic modifications and (b) environmental pressures. It is true that th ...
Animal Behavior, 9e
... Figure 13.33 Foundress females and workers of the paper wasp Polistes metricus have a similar pattern of gene activity, whereas future reproductives and queens exhibit very different patterns ...
... Figure 13.33 Foundress females and workers of the paper wasp Polistes metricus have a similar pattern of gene activity, whereas future reproductives and queens exhibit very different patterns ...
Adaptation from standing genetic variation
... different genetic backgrounds before becoming advantageous [18,47,48]. The result is that a sweep from standing variation will drag along more polymorphism at linked sites than will a sweep from a single new mutation, which must arise on a single background. The valley of low polymorphism characteri ...
... different genetic backgrounds before becoming advantageous [18,47,48]. The result is that a sweep from standing variation will drag along more polymorphism at linked sites than will a sweep from a single new mutation, which must arise on a single background. The valley of low polymorphism characteri ...
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle | Learn Science at Scitable
... into phenotypically intermediate offspring. Given observed patterns of resemblance between parents and offspring, blending inheritance may seem intuitively reasonable, as it did to many of Charles Darwin’s contemporaries. This mode of inheritance, however, posed problems for Darwin’s theory of natur ...
... into phenotypically intermediate offspring. Given observed patterns of resemblance between parents and offspring, blending inheritance may seem intuitively reasonable, as it did to many of Charles Darwin’s contemporaries. This mode of inheritance, however, posed problems for Darwin’s theory of natur ...
Eco-Evo-Devo: The Time Has Come
... in multiple and complex ways affecting the genetic and phenotypic variation available for natural selection to act upon. Waddington (1959) clearly saw the importance of integrating these interactions into evolutionary theory back in 1959, but the time for this integration seems to have come only now ...
... in multiple and complex ways affecting the genetic and phenotypic variation available for natural selection to act upon. Waddington (1959) clearly saw the importance of integrating these interactions into evolutionary theory back in 1959, but the time for this integration seems to have come only now ...
Germline Selection: Population Genetic Aspects of the
... combinations will flourish, leave numerous offspring, and sexual reproduction will persist. However, an inevitable consequence of sexual recombination is that advantageous combinations of alleles are broken up eachgeneration.This has drawbacks for a sexual population’s ability to overcome underdomin ...
... combinations will flourish, leave numerous offspring, and sexual reproduction will persist. However, an inevitable consequence of sexual recombination is that advantageous combinations of alleles are broken up eachgeneration.This has drawbacks for a sexual population’s ability to overcome underdomin ...
Pairwise Comparison of Hypotheses in Evolutionary Learning
... is mainly due to the fact that such measures have by definition aggregating and compensatory character (Vincke, 1992). They may yield similar or even equal values for very different hypotheses. We suggest that when the considered hypotheses ‘behave’ in a significantly different way, for instance the ...
... is mainly due to the fact that such measures have by definition aggregating and compensatory character (Vincke, 1992). They may yield similar or even equal values for very different hypotheses. We suggest that when the considered hypotheses ‘behave’ in a significantly different way, for instance the ...
Stephan Hoyer.
... Peak shift problem: how do you move between peaks? High dimensional (100-1000D) landscapes are qualitatively different Neutral spaces allow for lots of variation Techniques from physics: percolation theory and ...
... Peak shift problem: how do you move between peaks? High dimensional (100-1000D) landscapes are qualitatively different Neutral spaces allow for lots of variation Techniques from physics: percolation theory and ...
2 Changes of Gene Frequency - the UC Davis Plant Breeding
... the same as the dominance with respect to the main visible effects of the gene. Most mutant genes, for example, are completely recessive to the wild type in their visible effects, but this does not necessarily mean that the heterozygote has a fitness equal to that of the wild-type homozygote. The me ...
... the same as the dominance with respect to the main visible effects of the gene. Most mutant genes, for example, are completely recessive to the wild type in their visible effects, but this does not necessarily mean that the heterozygote has a fitness equal to that of the wild-type homozygote. The me ...
does frequency-dependent selection with complex - GEPV
... empirical study. These simulations were performed with the software NESSI (Billiard 2008), which implements a general model of sporophytic SI (Billiard et al. 2007). The life cycle we assumed includes pollination and fertilization determining the genotypic frequencies at the S-locus (assuming that e ...
... empirical study. These simulations were performed with the software NESSI (Billiard 2008), which implements a general model of sporophytic SI (Billiard et al. 2007). The life cycle we assumed includes pollination and fertilization determining the genotypic frequencies at the S-locus (assuming that e ...
Functional Divergence of the Nuclear Receptor NR2C1
... other parameters of the v distribution are provided in File S2. We employed two LRTs for episodic evolution at a fraction of sites. LRT-1 compares constrained model A (vFG = 1) to unconstrained model A (vFG . 1). This LRT is intended as a formal test for an episode of positive selection (i.e., a tes ...
... other parameters of the v distribution are provided in File S2. We employed two LRTs for episodic evolution at a fraction of sites. LRT-1 compares constrained model A (vFG = 1) to unconstrained model A (vFG . 1). This LRT is intended as a formal test for an episode of positive selection (i.e., a tes ...
Analysis of Clines with Variable Selection and Variable Migration
... substantial fitness costs are associated with resistance alleles at the two loci during overwintering. These results illustrate how demography and adaptive microevolution can be studied using selected markers. The method provides a framework to use population genetics and statistical models to revea ...
... substantial fitness costs are associated with resistance alleles at the two loci during overwintering. These results illustrate how demography and adaptive microevolution can be studied using selected markers. The method provides a framework to use population genetics and statistical models to revea ...
Machine Evolution - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Trees, mainly crossover, proportionate selection (C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab ...
... Trees, mainly crossover, proportionate selection (C) 2000, 2001 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab ...
design and optimisation of animal breeding programmes
... Natural selection is the great evolutionary force that fuels genetic change in all living organisms. We commonly think of natural selection as affecting wild animals and plants, but in fact it affects both the wild and domestic species. All animals with lethal genetic defects, for example, are natur ...
... Natural selection is the great evolutionary force that fuels genetic change in all living organisms. We commonly think of natural selection as affecting wild animals and plants, but in fact it affects both the wild and domestic species. All animals with lethal genetic defects, for example, are natur ...
Is Drift a Serious Alternative to Natural Selection
... Since we are talking about a continuous variable, the proper concept is probability density, not probability, and even so, the probability (density) of the bears’ having an average fur length of exactly 10 cm. is zero, on each hypothesis. Thus we need to talk about some tiny region surrounding a val ...
... Since we are talking about a continuous variable, the proper concept is probability density, not probability, and even so, the probability (density) of the bears’ having an average fur length of exactly 10 cm. is zero, on each hypothesis. Thus we need to talk about some tiny region surrounding a val ...
Mendel: Darwin`s Savior or Opponent
... the dominant or recessive trait • What evidence does Mendel have for these factors? Only that they account for the inheritance pattern he saw and ...
... the dominant or recessive trait • What evidence does Mendel have for these factors? Only that they account for the inheritance pattern he saw and ...
Dawkins Vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest
... of evolution has no aim or purpose. But they also agree that evolution, and evolutionary change, is not just a lottery. For natural selection matters too. Within any population of life forms, there will be variation. And some of those variants will be a touch better suited to the prevailing conditio ...
... of evolution has no aim or purpose. But they also agree that evolution, and evolutionary change, is not just a lottery. For natural selection matters too. Within any population of life forms, there will be variation. And some of those variants will be a touch better suited to the prevailing conditio ...
Fisher`s Microscope and Haldane`s Ellipse
... calculation relies on the assumption that traits act independently to determine fitness. In most real cases of adaptation, however, traits are likely to interact such that a change in a given trait might be beneficial in one phenotypic context and deleterious in another. “For example,” Haldane wrote ...
... calculation relies on the assumption that traits act independently to determine fitness. In most real cases of adaptation, however, traits are likely to interact such that a change in a given trait might be beneficial in one phenotypic context and deleterious in another. “For example,” Haldane wrote ...
Evolution of Phenotypic Robustness
... Within adaptive robustness, two main types may be distinguished, marking the endpoints of a scale. The first, mechanistic type corresponds to the classic view of canalization. Here, the trait and its buffering mechanism are genetically independent. Since the selective advantage of buffering depends ...
... Within adaptive robustness, two main types may be distinguished, marking the endpoints of a scale. The first, mechanistic type corresponds to the classic view of canalization. Here, the trait and its buffering mechanism are genetically independent. Since the selective advantage of buffering depends ...
Read the corresponding work. - UCLA Center for Behavior
... satisfies the specifications of the Baldwin effect. Papineau subjects this sort of process to closer analysis, showing that it simultaneously exemplifies two different kinds of mechanism that the literature recognizes as possible sources of Baldwin effects. First, there is the process that Papineau ...
... satisfies the specifications of the Baldwin effect. Papineau subjects this sort of process to closer analysis, showing that it simultaneously exemplifies two different kinds of mechanism that the literature recognizes as possible sources of Baldwin effects. First, there is the process that Papineau ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.