The Organism-Centered Approach to Cultural Evolution
... actually gene frequency that is counted. Instead, it is gene frequency per organism that is counted, i.e., each gene is counted only once per organism. For an organism to double the population-level tally of one of its genes, it does not suffice to grow twice as massive, it must instead produce an o ...
... actually gene frequency that is counted. Instead, it is gene frequency per organism that is counted, i.e., each gene is counted only once per organism. For an organism to double the population-level tally of one of its genes, it does not suffice to grow twice as massive, it must instead produce an o ...
lactase persistence: evidence for selection
... There was strong selection pressure for the lactase-persistence allele. This selection caused the allele (and surrounding DNA) to be passed on from one generation to the next. Evidence for this selective sweep can be seen as a large area of homozygosity in all lactase-persistent individuals. Because ...
... There was strong selection pressure for the lactase-persistence allele. This selection caused the allele (and surrounding DNA) to be passed on from one generation to the next. Evidence for this selective sweep can be seen as a large area of homozygosity in all lactase-persistent individuals. Because ...
Population genetics
... populations but not necessarily between them. If allele frequencies differ between populations, then globally Hweq will likely not be observed across the whole species, whereas it may occur within each population (given random mating within popns). Inbreeding. One form of departure from random matin ...
... populations but not necessarily between them. If allele frequencies differ between populations, then globally Hweq will likely not be observed across the whole species, whereas it may occur within each population (given random mating within popns). Inbreeding. One form of departure from random matin ...
One- and Two-Locus Selection Theory
... Wij of an individual with alleles Ai and Aj is not a function of the frequency of any allele at that locus (∂Wij /∂pk = 0 for all i, k, and j that index alleles at this locus), then Wright’s formula holds. This condition is satisfied if this locus is in linkage equilibrium with all other loci under ...
... Wij of an individual with alleles Ai and Aj is not a function of the frequency of any allele at that locus (∂Wij /∂pk = 0 for all i, k, and j that index alleles at this locus), then Wright’s formula holds. This condition is satisfied if this locus is in linkage equilibrium with all other loci under ...
Social darwinism - PD Dr. Dirk Solies
... The species do not grow in perfection: the weak creatures repeatedly dominate the strong ones – because of their greater number, they are also smarter… Darwin has forgotten about the Geist ("mind ") (– that is english!) The weak creatures have more Geist… One must be in need of Geist in order to get ...
... The species do not grow in perfection: the weak creatures repeatedly dominate the strong ones – because of their greater number, they are also smarter… Darwin has forgotten about the Geist ("mind ") (– that is english!) The weak creatures have more Geist… One must be in need of Geist in order to get ...
DHCR7 mutations linked to higher vitamin D status allowed early
... D levels in recent meta-analyses conducted in populations of European descent [7]. Three of the SNPs, rs17467825, rs4945008 and rs10741657 were not in the HapMap3 dataset. The mean 25(OH)D concentrations by genotype for each SNP in the 1958 British Birth Cohort are shown in Additional file 1: Table ...
... D levels in recent meta-analyses conducted in populations of European descent [7]. Three of the SNPs, rs17467825, rs4945008 and rs10741657 were not in the HapMap3 dataset. The mean 25(OH)D concentrations by genotype for each SNP in the 1958 British Birth Cohort are shown in Additional file 1: Table ...
Evolutionary implications of non- neutral
... On the face of it, there would seem to be less scope for standing non-neutral mtDNA variation within populations, given that purifying selection seems to be the predominant selective force that moulds mtDNA evolution [4,5,7,19,20] and this will act to reduce genetic variation. Furthermore, given tha ...
... On the face of it, there would seem to be less scope for standing non-neutral mtDNA variation within populations, given that purifying selection seems to be the predominant selective force that moulds mtDNA evolution [4,5,7,19,20] and this will act to reduce genetic variation. Furthermore, given tha ...
resolving the paradox of sex and recombination
... believed that a resolution to the paradox of sex will emerge from one or more of them. Mathematical models have tackled these hypotheses by using two approaches. In the first approach, the mean fitnesses at EQUILIBRIUM in sexual and asexual populations are compared (see the review by Rice on p241 of ...
... believed that a resolution to the paradox of sex will emerge from one or more of them. Mathematical models have tackled these hypotheses by using two approaches. In the first approach, the mean fitnesses at EQUILIBRIUM in sexual and asexual populations are compared (see the review by Rice on p241 of ...
Document
... and numbers, that are unattainable with real systems 3. Use evolving programs to solve computational problems ...
... and numbers, that are unattainable with real systems 3. Use evolving programs to solve computational problems ...
PiagetMS_Deacon
... the extent that these could be made compatible with his constructivist vision. This remains an unfinished synthesis. Piaget’s commitment to a unified “genetic epistemology” led him to struggle with dissonances between his own theoretical reconception of mental development and neoDarwinian theories o ...
... the extent that these could be made compatible with his constructivist vision. This remains an unfinished synthesis. Piaget’s commitment to a unified “genetic epistemology” led him to struggle with dissonances between his own theoretical reconception of mental development and neoDarwinian theories o ...
The Genetic Structure and Evolutionary Fate of Parthenogenetic
... The Department of Zoology and The Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 SYNOPSIS. One-locus, two-allele models are presented which describe the genetic consequences of naturally occurring and experimentally induced parthenogesis in triploid an ...
... The Department of Zoology and The Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 SYNOPSIS. One-locus, two-allele models are presented which describe the genetic consequences of naturally occurring and experimentally induced parthenogesis in triploid an ...
AP Biology - Effingham County Schools
... started from small group of colonists example: colonization of New World ...
... started from small group of colonists example: colonization of New World ...
1 Epistasis Underlying a Fitness Trait within a Natural
... over a very fine microscale (e.g. Fenster and Galloway, 2000), that unique genetic trajectories underlie similar phenotypic trajectories in response to a uniform selection gradient (e.g. Travisano and Lenski 1996), or a combination of these processes. Regardless of which of these processes is operat ...
... over a very fine microscale (e.g. Fenster and Galloway, 2000), that unique genetic trajectories underlie similar phenotypic trajectories in response to a uniform selection gradient (e.g. Travisano and Lenski 1996), or a combination of these processes. Regardless of which of these processes is operat ...
The genomic rate of adaptive evolution
... amounts to !34 million single nucleotide differences. Even if we concentrate our attention on the protein-coding complement of the genome, there are still !60 000 amino acid differences between us and chimpanzees. So what proportion of these differences have been fixed because they were beneficial a ...
... amounts to !34 million single nucleotide differences. Even if we concentrate our attention on the protein-coding complement of the genome, there are still !60 000 amino acid differences between us and chimpanzees. So what proportion of these differences have been fixed because they were beneficial a ...
Document
... selection and mutation. (see also Box 6.10 in Freeman and Heron 3rd edition). Verify this using your excel simulation. Do you think the results are reasonably robust to the assumption of no mutation for allele 2 to 1 (at least for the present scenario)? ...
... selection and mutation. (see also Box 6.10 in Freeman and Heron 3rd edition). Verify this using your excel simulation. Do you think the results are reasonably robust to the assumption of no mutation for allele 2 to 1 (at least for the present scenario)? ...
Natural Selection and Neutral Evolution Jointly Drive Population
... outlier loci should show limited differentiation between populations in the case of balancing selection, or extensive differentiation if divergent selection has had an effect. Alternatively, if natural selection has not affected specific sites throughout the genome, there should be no evidence of ou ...
... outlier loci should show limited differentiation between populations in the case of balancing selection, or extensive differentiation if divergent selection has had an effect. Alternatively, if natural selection has not affected specific sites throughout the genome, there should be no evidence of ou ...
Inclusive Fitness and the Sociobiology of the Genome Herbert Gintis
... Hamilton’s inclusive fitness criterion provides an analytically rigorous condition for the evolutionary success of an allele. Because this condition can be satisfied in the case of genes that sacrifice on behalf of relatives (b; c; r > 0). Hamilton (1964b) provided a plausible explanation of social ...
... Hamilton’s inclusive fitness criterion provides an analytically rigorous condition for the evolutionary success of an allele. Because this condition can be satisfied in the case of genes that sacrifice on behalf of relatives (b; c; r > 0). Hamilton (1964b) provided a plausible explanation of social ...
Machine Evolution - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Several different forms of crossover such as k-points, uniform (C) 2000-2002 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab ...
... Several different forms of crossover such as k-points, uniform (C) 2000-2002 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab ...
Machine Evolution - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Several different forms of crossover such as k-points, uniform (C) 2000-2002 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab ...
... Several different forms of crossover such as k-points, uniform (C) 2000-2002 SNU CSE Biointelligence Lab ...
The stationary distribution of a continuously varying strategy in a
... and the sampling effects occurring in finite population may accumulate and tip the balance from one singular point to the other. For a multipeaked fitness landscape, a higher peak may then eventually be singled out by the evolutionary dynamics even if the population can remain locked in a suboptimal ...
... and the sampling effects occurring in finite population may accumulate and tip the balance from one singular point to the other. For a multipeaked fitness landscape, a higher peak may then eventually be singled out by the evolutionary dynamics even if the population can remain locked in a suboptimal ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.