Integration of QTL Information with Traditional Animal Breeding
... allele Q and the frequency of the MQ haplotype will increase. The result is a population in which the marker and QTL are in LD because of the preponderance of MQ haplotypes relative to mQ haplotypes. This will, however, only occur if the marker is closely linked to the QTL. With loose linkage, the L ...
... allele Q and the frequency of the MQ haplotype will increase. The result is a population in which the marker and QTL are in LD because of the preponderance of MQ haplotypes relative to mQ haplotypes. This will, however, only occur if the marker is closely linked to the QTL. With loose linkage, the L ...
is the population size of a species relevant to its evolution?
... (1973, 1976, 1992) has shown that if amino acid mutations are slightly deleterious, then protein variation should be insensitive to population size. However, her theory does not easily account for the insensitivity of the rate of protein evolution to N. Cherry (1998), building on the work of Hartl e ...
... (1973, 1976, 1992) has shown that if amino acid mutations are slightly deleterious, then protein variation should be insensitive to population size. However, her theory does not easily account for the insensitivity of the rate of protein evolution to N. Cherry (1998), building on the work of Hartl e ...
Evolution of synonymous codon usage in metazoans Laurent Duret
... position. In contrast to the GC content of synonymous sites, the GC content of introns is not positively correlated with levels of gene expression [18]. This latter observation rules out the possibility that the relationship between codon bias and gene expression is due to a transcriptioncoupled mut ...
... position. In contrast to the GC content of synonymous sites, the GC content of introns is not positively correlated with levels of gene expression [18]. This latter observation rules out the possibility that the relationship between codon bias and gene expression is due to a transcriptioncoupled mut ...
population
... Directional, Disruptive, and Stabilizing Selection There are three modes of natural selection Directional selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range Disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range Stabilizing selection favors intermediat ...
... Directional, Disruptive, and Stabilizing Selection There are three modes of natural selection Directional selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range Disruptive selection favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range Stabilizing selection favors intermediat ...
Kap 13 Quantitative Genetics
... It is commonly observed that tall parents tend to have tall children and vice versa. Actually, the expectation is that the offspring performs intermediate between the parents for additive, quantitative traits. So, how many polymorphic loci are behind a quantitative trait? The answer is usually that ...
... It is commonly observed that tall parents tend to have tall children and vice versa. Actually, the expectation is that the offspring performs intermediate between the parents for additive, quantitative traits. So, how many polymorphic loci are behind a quantitative trait? The answer is usually that ...
A role for genetic accommodation in evolution?
... sense, only process (3) represents genetic accommodation as it is defined by West-Eberhard,(10) but, for the sake of conceptual simplicity, we refer here to genetic accommodation as the entire sequence of steps (1) to (3). What then is the relationship between genetic assimilation and accommodation? ...
... sense, only process (3) represents genetic accommodation as it is defined by West-Eberhard,(10) but, for the sake of conceptual simplicity, we refer here to genetic accommodation as the entire sequence of steps (1) to (3). What then is the relationship between genetic assimilation and accommodation? ...
IS THE POPULATION SIZE OF A SPECIES RELEVANT TO ITS
... (1973, 1976, 1992) has shown that if amino acid mutations are slightly deleterious, then protein variation should be insensitive to population size. However, her theory does not easily account for the insensitivity of the rate of protein evolution to N. Cherry (1998), building on the work of Hartl e ...
... (1973, 1976, 1992) has shown that if amino acid mutations are slightly deleterious, then protein variation should be insensitive to population size. However, her theory does not easily account for the insensitivity of the rate of protein evolution to N. Cherry (1998), building on the work of Hartl e ...
Heterozygote Advantage: The Effect of Artificial Selection in
... As examples in pets, lack of a tail as in Manx cats or hairlessness as in Mexican hairless dogs are artificially selected for but presumably would be selected against in heterozygotes in a wild population. In addition, many of these variants have even stronger detrimental effects as homozygotes and ...
... As examples in pets, lack of a tail as in Manx cats or hairlessness as in Mexican hairless dogs are artificially selected for but presumably would be selected against in heterozygotes in a wild population. In addition, many of these variants have even stronger detrimental effects as homozygotes and ...
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
... (1998), the foremost historian of mathematical statistics, writes, “Fisher was a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science. . . .” Like Laplace and Gauss, Fisher also made outstanding contributions to science outside the fields of probability and statis ...
... (1998), the foremost historian of mathematical statistics, writes, “Fisher was a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science. . . .” Like Laplace and Gauss, Fisher also made outstanding contributions to science outside the fields of probability and statis ...
M-Collate2 119..268
... frequency and ultimately become ®xed in the population (i.e. all the individuals in a subsequent generation will share the same mutant allele). Thus, in evolution, a mutation arising in an individual is not important per se even if it is passed on to the next generation. For a mutant allele to incre ...
... frequency and ultimately become ®xed in the population (i.e. all the individuals in a subsequent generation will share the same mutant allele). Thus, in evolution, a mutation arising in an individual is not important per se even if it is passed on to the next generation. For a mutant allele to incre ...
Inherited Representations are Read in
... of three waggles in the vertical direction, there is a good chance of nectar 250 metres away in the direction of the sun (Condition (b)). Furthermore, to explain how the whole system evolved, we need to advert to that correlation (Condition (c)). So the dance represents that there is nectar 250 metr ...
... of three waggles in the vertical direction, there is a good chance of nectar 250 metres away in the direction of the sun (Condition (b)). Furthermore, to explain how the whole system evolved, we need to advert to that correlation (Condition (c)). So the dance represents that there is nectar 250 metr ...
Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution
... it has been argued1–3 that the mutation rate has evolved to be as low as possible, limited only by the cost of error-avoidance and error-correction mechanisms. But up to one per cent of natural bacterial isolates are ‘mutator’ clones that have high mutation rates4–6. We consider here whether high mu ...
... it has been argued1–3 that the mutation rate has evolved to be as low as possible, limited only by the cost of error-avoidance and error-correction mechanisms. But up to one per cent of natural bacterial isolates are ‘mutator’ clones that have high mutation rates4–6. We consider here whether high mu ...
Darwinian Populations and Natural Selection Homunculi Rule
... temptation to define the essence of Darwinism, the necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection to occur. For one thing, this makes for effective pedagogy. But a good Darwinian should attempt to honor Darwinism about Darwinism itself—in Glenn Adelson’s apt phrase—and Peter Godfrey Smith ...
... temptation to define the essence of Darwinism, the necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection to occur. For one thing, this makes for effective pedagogy. But a good Darwinian should attempt to honor Darwinism about Darwinism itself—in Glenn Adelson’s apt phrase—and Peter Godfrey Smith ...
FFTNS and the shifting balance theory p2
... (homozygosity is increased); this favours the C allele and disfavours the S allele. 3. Large Migration event of individual carrying the C allele in their genome. Wright’s shifting balance model of adaptive evolution The notion of a complex adaptive topography, with both adaptive peaks and valleys, i ...
... (homozygosity is increased); this favours the C allele and disfavours the S allele. 3. Large Migration event of individual carrying the C allele in their genome. Wright’s shifting balance model of adaptive evolution The notion of a complex adaptive topography, with both adaptive peaks and valleys, i ...
1999 Dekkers: BREEDING IN THE 21st CENTURY
... The design and statistical analysis of QTL mapping studies has received much attention and debate over the past decade. Several designs for use in outbred populations have been developed and applied, based on family structures within outbred populations (e.g. the two or three generation designs sugg ...
... The design and statistical analysis of QTL mapping studies has received much attention and debate over the past decade. Several designs for use in outbred populations have been developed and applied, based on family structures within outbred populations (e.g. the two or three generation designs sugg ...
the mutation matrix and the evolution of evolvability
... range of disciplines related to evolutionary theory. The field of quantitative genetics provides a framework for the exploration of evolvability with the promise to produce insights of global importance. With respect to the quantitative genetics of biological systems, the parameters most relevant to ...
... range of disciplines related to evolutionary theory. The field of quantitative genetics provides a framework for the exploration of evolvability with the promise to produce insights of global importance. With respect to the quantitative genetics of biological systems, the parameters most relevant to ...
LAB II - Reed College
... Experiment 1: Effect of initial allele frequency In order to answer the first question (What is the effect of initial allele frequency on the time to fixation or loss of an allele from a population using ANOVA?), we will design an experiment where the null hypothesis is that there is no significant ...
... Experiment 1: Effect of initial allele frequency In order to answer the first question (What is the effect of initial allele frequency on the time to fixation or loss of an allele from a population using ANOVA?), we will design an experiment where the null hypothesis is that there is no significant ...
s - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
... (Genetics) • The entire combination of genes: genotype • A genotype is expressed as a phenotype • Alleles can be either dominant or recessive • Dominant alleles will always express from the genotype to the phenotype • Recessive alleles can survive in the population for many generations, without bein ...
... (Genetics) • The entire combination of genes: genotype • A genotype is expressed as a phenotype • Alleles can be either dominant or recessive • Dominant alleles will always express from the genotype to the phenotype • Recessive alleles can survive in the population for many generations, without bein ...
Rapid evolution in response to high4 emperat ure select ion
... Albert F. Bennett, Khoi M. Dao & Riihard E. Lenski ...
... Albert F. Bennett, Khoi M. Dao & Riihard E. Lenski ...
Genetic Control of Canine Hip Dysplasia
... on the sensitivity of the test to detect bad genes. This sensitivity is directly related to the heritability of the phenotype used for screening. Therefore, the higher the heritability, the better the test and the more rapid the genetic change will be. ...
... on the sensitivity of the test to detect bad genes. This sensitivity is directly related to the heritability of the phenotype used for screening. Therefore, the higher the heritability, the better the test and the more rapid the genetic change will be. ...
Genetic Algorithms
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
Genetic Algorithms
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
... integer representations Selection mechanism sensitive for converging populations with close fitness values Generational population model (step 5 in SGA repr. cycle) can be improved with explicit survivor selection ...
Evolution of Behavior: Phylogeny and the Origin of Present
... important observation and can help explain the form that many behavior patterns take in animals today. The difficulty that these pioneering researchers and others faced in trying to use a comparative approach to study behavioral evolution was the need for large data sets of closely related species. U ...
... important observation and can help explain the form that many behavior patterns take in animals today. The difficulty that these pioneering researchers and others faced in trying to use a comparative approach to study behavioral evolution was the need for large data sets of closely related species. U ...
Population Genetics II Mutation – selection balance
... has no direction with respect to particular alleles, its effect is to reduce genetic diversity as alleles randomly become rare and eventually are lost from the population, and also to produce random differences among different populations. Random sampling of alleles Imagine a population with a const ...
... has no direction with respect to particular alleles, its effect is to reduce genetic diversity as alleles randomly become rare and eventually are lost from the population, and also to produce random differences among different populations. Random sampling of alleles Imagine a population with a const ...
“Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution
... selection would be the dominant factor in shaping the changing characteristics of organisms within a population. At the same time, laboratory work in Mendelian genetics had demonstrated that there are many more mutations with small effects than mutations of large effect and that the mutations of sma ...
... selection would be the dominant factor in shaping the changing characteristics of organisms within a population. At the same time, laboratory work in Mendelian genetics had demonstrated that there are many more mutations with small effects than mutations of large effect and that the mutations of sma ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.