Download What are parts of a cell?

What are the essential qualities of life?
Goals: Be able to…
• Describe life’s unique qualities.
Metabolism:
chemical reactions that convert energy
• Know the parts of the cell.
Growth
• Differentiate between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Reproduction
What are the essential qualities of life?
Metabolism:
chemical reactions that convert energy
Growth
Reproduction
Cells
Homeostasis: maintain internal environment
What are parts of a cell?
Essential (Prokaryotes):
DNA
Membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm: broth of the cellular soup
Homeostasis: ability to
regulate internal
environment
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Plasma membrane: regulates flow into / out of cell
DNA: genetic material
D A
ytoplasm
Table 2.1
Ribosomes: Construct proteins from DNA
instructions
What are parts of a cell?
Bonus (Eukaryotes):
Nucleus
ER
Golgi body
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Table 2.1
Fig 2.16
Fig 2.15
Eukaryote: “true nucleus”
Movie
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Endoplasmic reticulum: Helps synthesize and
transport chemicals and components
Nucleus: Holds DNA
Giant
membrane
DNA
Nuclear
membrane
Table 2.1
Golgi body: Sorts and packages components
Table 2.1
Lysosome: Digests and recycles components
Membrane
Membrane
Destructive
enzymes
Table 2.1
Table 2.1
Mitochondrion: Converts food molecules into
usable energy
Chloroplast: Converts light energy into sugars.
Membranes
Membranes
Energy
conversion
enzymes
Energy
conversion
enzymes
Table 2.1
Table 2.1
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Explain how the organization of your cells is like
that of a city
Amoeba
Fig 2.16
Goals: Be able to…
• Differentiate between carbohydrate, fat, and
protein chemical structures.
• Describe the roles that the 3 different nutrient
molecules play in your body.
• Explain what saturated and trans fats are, and
why they are bad for you.
How does your diet affect your cells?
What do you eat?
Meat (protein)
Sugar/vegetables/grains/beer (carbs)
Fats (lipids)
Macronutrients: Substances in food that provide
structural materials or energy
Carbohydrates: Carbs
hydrate
Basic structure
Role in the body
Carbo-
Glucose
Fig 2.10
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Cellulose: Polysaccharide
Fig 2.10
Glucose:
Monosaccharide
SIMPLE!
Complex!
Sucrose:
Disaccharide
Fig 2.10
Long chain carbohydrates are “complex”
Role in the body:
Fig 2.10
Energy from sugar breakdown
Starch
Glycogen
Reaction breaking C-H bonds = available energy
Fig 3.1
Role in the body:
Fiber: Carbohydrates you cannot break
down fully (like cellulose)
Lipids (fats etc…)
Basic structure
Role in the body (membrane demo)
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Lipid structure: Triglycerides (fats)
Lots of C and H
Fig 3.3
Fig 3.4
Role in the body:
All lipids have lots of C and H
Energy from fat breakdown
Sugar = 4 Kcal/g
Fat = 9 Kcal/g
Reaction breaking C-H bonds = available energy
Fig 2.12
Why do you think fats and simple sugars taste
good to us?
Saturated or unsaturated fats?
Fig 3.4
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Saturated
Unsaturated
less C-H bonds =
less energy
Kinky!
Plants
Solid, animal
Fig 3.4
Trans fats
Fig 3.4
Why are saturated and trans fats bad?
Cholesterol is important
in your body!
Hydrogenation
cis fat
trans fat
Plants: Natural
Plants: Unnatural
Fig 3.5
Why are saturated and
trans fats bad?
Why are saturated and trans fats bad?
LDL
Liver
LDL: Low-density
lipoprotein; carrier
HDL
HDL: High-density
lipoprotein; scavenger
Increase LDL
Fig 17.17
More LDL in blood = clogged arteries
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Roles of lipids:
Why are your cell membranes made of lipids?
Proteins
Basic structure
Role in the body
Hormones: signaling molecules
Why would they be lipids?
Amino acids can link into chains
Protein subunit: Amino acid
Determines kind
of amino acid
Different amino acids
New element: N!
Fig 2.11
Fig 2.11
Essential amino acids: your body cannot make
Protein: Long chain of a.a.s folded
into a particular shape
Fig 2.11
Unlike meat, some plant proteins do not contain
all essential amino acids
Fig 3.2
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Roles in the body
When you eat wheat, what are you eating?
Structural
Movement
(motor molecules)
Transport
Complex
carbohydrate
(LDL, membrane proteins)
Enzymes
Fiber
Protein
Fats have more calories per gram than
carbohydrates because
Which of the following would lead to a decrease
in cholesterol in the blood stream?
A. Fats have more oxygen
A. A decrease in HDL.
B. Fats have more C-H bonds
B. An increase in LDL.
C. Fats have less nitrogen
C. An increase in trans fats in the diet.
D. Fats are larger molecules
D. Liver removal.
Goals: Be able to…
Describe how digestion occurs, and the role of
enzymes in your body.
How does your body process food?
Digestion
Explain why you fart.
Describe how enzymes function in your
metabolism.
Digestion: Break down into small pieces
(sugar example: glucose subunits)
Fig 3.7
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Enzymes digest food
Enzyme example: Lactase
Active
site
Control reactions by speeding them up (catalyze)
Work by changing shape
Fig 3.6
American farts 14-23 times/day
We produce
gas!
AAAAHHHHHHH!!!
There are more bacteria
in my mouth than the
number of people who
have ever lived!
What your body doesn’t digest, bacteria do!
Average human has
1-1.5 kg of bacteria
living off them
Sugar-free: xylitol and sorbitol
Beans: raffinose and stachyose
How does your body process food?
Digestion
Conversion
Describe what an enzyme does in your own words
Conversion: Changing glucose energy into
useable ATP
ATP: adenosine triphosphate: currency
Fig 3.7
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Broken down sugar energy converted to ATP
currency in mitochondria
Describe the pathway of how food turns into
usable energy in your own words
Glucose Energy
Enzymes
ATP
Metabolism: chemical reactions that convert
energy
Fast: Enzymes work quickly
Slow: Enzymes work slowly
Calorie intake > ATP currency needed Æ fat
Caloriesperhour.com
Body Mass Index (not perfect)
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Protein
Carbohydrate
Fat
Digestion
Within the last 24 hours, what have you eaten that
is a carbohydrate? Fat? Protein?
Describe the fate of each of those in your cells.
Structure
Membrane
Role in
cell
ATP
Proteins
Fat
Fig 3.13
Digestion
A. Occurs when sugars are converted into ATP.
B. Occurs when large molecules are broken
down into smaller ones.
C. Occurs in the mitochondria.
D. None of the above.
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