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All about CELLS!
12F recognize that according to cell theory all organisms are composed of cells and cells carry
on similar functions such as extracting energy from food to sustain life
12C recognize levels of organization in plants and animals, including cells, tissues, organs,
organ systems and organisms
12D differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cell organelles, including
cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast and vacuole
Notes page:
All living things are made of cells
• A cell is the simplest structure of
living things
• If an organism is unicellular, all
functions of life happen within that
one cell.
• If an organism is multicellular, the
different cells have different jobs
and they all work together
Simple Organisms
• Some organisms are simple: they are not
particularly specialized and complicated in
structure (think microscopic)
• These cells are organisms that function
independently
For example: Bacteria, Archaea,
most protists (unicellular)
Complex Organisms
• Some organisms are more complex:
• “Complex” means that different parts of the
organism performs different functions.
Examples: humans, dogs, fish, mushrooms, oak
trees, etc.
Organization in a complex organism:
• Structure and function work together
• Structure is the way something is made, function is the
job it performs
• Structures join together to form systems
• Systems have specific functions due to the interactions
between the parts
• At each level of structure, the interaction among the
systems become more complex and more functions
become possible
Complex organization “order”
• Cells – form tissue
• Tissue – made of similar cells doing a
single job
• Organ – different kinds of tissues
that work together
• Organ system – a group of organs
working together
• Complex organism
• Then remember that this single
organism is part of a population,
community, ecosystem and biome!
Growth of an organism
• How do living things grow?
• Organisms grow by adding (making) more
cells, not by increasing the size of their
cells
A brief note on Mitosis and Meiosis:
• Cell Division Video
What do cells look like?
• The word “cell” is Latin for “small room”
• They look as varied as the organisms they build (make up)
Red Blood cell
Stem Cell
Brain cell
Plant cell
Cells have structure and function
• Within the cell, there are parts that
each have jobs or functions
• These parts or structures are called
organelles
• Examples of organelles:
Nucleus, mitochondria
If cells are so small – how do we know about
them?
• While the invention of the telescope made the
Cosmos accessible to human observation, the
microscope opened up smaller worlds, showing
what living forms were composed of.
The microscope led to the
discovery of cells
A. 1665 – Robert Hooke published a book
that described the cell
1. He looked at cork (a plant) under
the microscope (30x)
2. He noticed little compartments,
which he named “cells” because they
resembled the little rooms that monks
lived in
More…
B. 1675 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek is
considered the father of microscopy because
of the advances he made in microscope design
and use.
1. He looked at pond water under the
microscope (300x) and noticed that the
water was full of moving living things
2. He made the most advanced
microscope of his time
The “Cell Theory” was created!
• With the invention of the microscope and the
contributions of many scientists, a very important
question was answered in the 1850’s. The question was:
•Where do cells come from? –
the answer?
Cell Theory!!
Forward Thinkers…
The Cell Theory was developed from three German
scientist's discoveries. They are Matthias Schleiden,
Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow.
In 1838 the German Botanist Matthias Schleiden
discovered that all plants were composed of cells. Then
only a year later a German zoologist, Theodor Schwann,
discovered that all animals were composed of cells.
Later in 1855 a German physician named Rudolph
Virchow was doing experiments with diseases when he
found that all cells come from other existing cells.
Schleiden
Schwann
Virchow
Cell Theory (First Version)
There are 3 main concepts:
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells come from other (pre-existing) cells
3. Cells are the basic structure of living things
More has been added:
The modern version of the Cell Theory also
includes the ideas that:
• All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of
life occurs within cells.
• Cells contains hereditary information which is
passed from cell to cell during cell division.
• All cells have the same basic chemical
composition.
More on the types of cells
• Eukaryotes – larger,
membrane bound
organelles
• Prokaryotes –
smaller, simpler
and free “floating”
DNA
Structure – Function (within cell organelles)
• Cell membrane - “gatekeeper” - surrounds and protects the
cytoplasm of plant and animal cells; allows specific substances into
and out of the cell
• Cell wall -stiff outer barrier of a plant cell; protects cell and gives
structure to the plant like the skeletal system of an animal
• Nucleus “control center” – contains the DNA of the cell and controls
the processes of the cell
• Cytoplasm - gel-like fluid that fills the cell allowing movement
within the cell and contains organelles such as mitochondria,
chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
Structure – Function (within cell organelles)
• Mitochondria “powerhouse” – transforms sugar molecules into
energy during the process of cellular respiration – distinguish
breathing (exchange of gases) from cellular respiration (release
of energy from food).
• Chloroplasts - contains chlorophyll that is needed to transform
energy from the sun into sugar molecules (glucose) during
photosynthesis
• Vacuole - formed from and joins with the cell membrane to
store food, water, or waste
Plant cells
Circle the main
organelles on your
diagram:
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Chloroplasts
• Large vacuole
Plant cells
• Plant cells differ from animal cells
in structure and function
• Cell walls – support
• Chloroplasts – photosynthesis
• Large vacuoles – store water,
turgor pressure provides support
to the plant
Animal cells
Circle the main
organelles on your
diagram:
• Cell membrane
• nucleus
• mitochondrion
Where do they get energy?
• So where do plant cells and animal cells get their energy?
• In plants, these energy factories are called chloroplasts. They
collect energy from the sun and use carbon dioxide and water in the
process called photosynthesis to produce sugars.
• Animals can make use of the sugars provided by the plants in their
own cellular energy factories, the mitochondria.
All About Cells Reading
• Read and
answer the
questions
(If time) Videos:
• http://viewpure.com/ofFhHcvasHA (3 min.) – Beginning of Life
• Plant cells: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY
• Animal Cells: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY