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Chapter 8 1. A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. 2. In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses 3. A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer 4. A therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behavior through imitation of someone else. 5. An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need 6. Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior 7. A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition 8. An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. 9. A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior Chapter 8 1. unconditioned stimulus 2. learning 3. cognitive map 4. unconditioned response 5. mirror neurons 6. respondent behavior 7. continuous reinforcer 8. observational learning 9. extrinsic motivation a. A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning b. Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so c. A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. d. In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. e. Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus f. A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. g. A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment h. reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs i. A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. 1. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. a. operant chamber b. operant conditioning c. operant behavior d. classical conditioning Chapter 8 A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals. . generalization a. extinction b. learning c. acquisition In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals . fixed-ratio schedule a. reinforcer b. variable-interval schedule c. partial reinforcement (psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences . reinforcer a. latent learning b. mirror neurons c. law of effect A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events . operant conditioning a. discrimination b. associative learning c. classical conditioning Behavior that benefits someone else or society but that generally offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may even involve some personal risk or sacrifice. . operant behavior a. prosocial behavior b. generalization c. respondent behavior Chapter 8 In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). . conditioned response a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned reinforcer A chamber also known as Skinner's box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. . operant conditioning a. operant chamber b. operant behavior c. punishment Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) . learning a. associative learning b. latent learning c. observational learning 1. operant behavior → A chamber also known as Skinner's box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. True False 2. latent learning → Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it True False Chapter 8 3. spontaneous recovery → reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs True False 4. intrinsic motivation → A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment True False 5. conditioned stimulus → A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning True False 6. partial reinforcement → An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need True False 7. punishment → An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. True False 8. discrimination → A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition True False 9. acquisition → In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. True False Chapter 8 Written Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Reinforcer Fixed-Ratio Schedule Conditioned Reinforcer Modeling Primary Reinforcer Over justification Generalization Shaping Behaviorism Matching Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. a c i d b e h f g Multiple Choice Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. b b c d d b a b b True/False Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. False True False False False False False False True