Download 1. A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior

Chapter 8
1. A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes
it.
2. In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses
3. A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
4. A therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behavior through imitation of
someone else.
5. An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
6. Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing
a behavior
7. A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the
original one used during acquisition
8. An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and
closer approximations of the desired behavior.
9. A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only
observable behavior
Chapter 8
1.
unconditioned stimulus
2.
learning
3.
cognitive map
4.
unconditioned response
5.
mirror neurons
6.
respondent behavior
7.
continuous reinforcer
8.
observational learning
9.
extrinsic motivation
a. A stimulus that evokes an
unconditioned response without
previous conditioning
b. Frontal lobe neurons that fire when
performing certain actions or when
observing another doing so
c. A relatively permanent change in an
organism's behavior due to
experience.
d. In classical conditioning, the
unlearned, naturally occurring
response to the unconditioned
stimulus (US), such as salivation
when food is in the mouth.
e. Behavior that occurs as an automatic
response to some stimulus
f. A type of learning that occurs when
an organism's responding is
influenced by the observation of
others, who are called models.
g. A desire to perform a behavior due
to promised rewards or threats of
punishment
h. reinforcing the desired response
every time it occurs
i. A mental representation of the layout
of one's environment. For example,
after exploring a maze, rats act as if
they have learned a cognitive map of
it.
1. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or
diminished if followed by a punisher.
a.
operant chamber
b.
operant conditioning
c.
operant behavior
d.
classical conditioning
Chapter 8
A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.
.
generalization
a.
extinction
b.
learning
c.
acquisition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at
unpredictable time intervals
.
fixed-ratio schedule
a.
reinforcer
b.
variable-interval schedule
c.
partial reinforcement
(psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences
.
reinforcer
a.
latent learning
b.
mirror neurons
c.
law of effect
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
.
operant conditioning
a.
discrimination
b.
associative learning
c.
classical conditioning
Behavior that benefits someone else or society but that generally offers no obvious
benefit to the person performing it and may even involve some personal risk or sacrifice.
.
operant behavior
a.
prosocial behavior
b.
generalization
c.
respondent behavior
Chapter 8
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now
conditioned) stimulus (CS).
.
conditioned response
a.
conditioned stimulus
b.
unconditioned response
c.
conditioned reinforcer
A chamber also known as Skinner's box, containing a bar or key that an animal can
manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's
rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
.
operant conditioning
a.
operant chamber
b.
operant behavior
c.
punishment
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in
classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
.
learning
a.
associative learning
b.
latent learning
c.
observational learning
1. operant behavior → A chamber also known as Skinner's box, containing a bar or key that an
animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record
the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
True
False
2. latent learning → Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to
demonstrate it
True
False
Chapter 8
3. spontaneous recovery → reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
True
False
4. intrinsic motivation → A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of
punishment
True
False
5. conditioned stimulus → A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous
conditioning
True
False
6. partial reinforcement → An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a
biological need
True
False
7. punishment → An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior
toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
True
False
8. discrimination → A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly
different from the original one used during acquisition
True
False
9. acquisition → In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus
and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned
response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
True
False
Chapter 8
Written Questions
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8.
9.
Reinforcer
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Conditioned Reinforcer
Modeling
Primary Reinforcer
Over justification
Generalization
Shaping
Behaviorism
Matching Questions
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a
c
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Multiple Choice Questions
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b
a
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b
True/False Questions
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False
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False
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True