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Theories of Behavior Timeline PSY/420 Version 2 University of Phoenix Material Theories of Behavior Timeline Complete the following table by reordering the theorists according to the relevant date (and providing these dates), writing at least 90 words to describe what the particular theorist was known for and a realworld application of the theory. Name of theorist Relevant dates Description of what the theoriest is known for Real-world application of the theory J. Locke 16741700 He was an English physician, philosopher and a theorist of politics as well. He was most famous and known for his mind-blowing theories about liberalism. He is also known as father of liberalism. He revolutionized the world with unique and innovative school of thought which was never pondered before, named as British Empiricism. Before John Locke the philoshophical concept of Empiricism was also discussed and researched bty David Hume and Francis Bacon. John Locke modified and shaped it to its real form that whatever knowledge we possess is the result of our experiences and observations through our senses. We have acquired all our knowledge by means of different life experiences and observations. This theory and concept of empiricism played a great role in development of study of psychology and philosophy in the future. W. Wundt 1879 Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German psychologist, philosopher, physician and teacher who made remarkable additions in cultural and experimental psychology. He is most famous for his work in both of these fields of psychology. He was actually the father or founder of psychology because he was the person who, for the first time in history, named himself as a psychologist. Wundt, for the first time, not only differentiated psychology from philosophy and biology but also build an experimental laboratory in the University of Leipzig. He introduced the term “introspection” for the first time in the science of psychology which was extremely used later. Introspection or self-analysis is a simple psychological experiment in which a person is asked or allowed to judge or assess his own thought, intentions, ideas and perception. I. Pavlov 1902 He was both a psychologist and physiologist. Ivan Pavlov was best known for his theory of “classical conditioning” which refers to the concept that a neutral stimulus alongwith a strong stimulus can result in initiation of an inherent response. This means that in order to produce an innate response, both strong and neutral stimulus are required. The process of classical conditioning has a number on influences on human behavior and and responses. The impace of this theory can be seen in a person’s response of arousal, anger, extreme fear, hunger or any kind of severe phobia. Whenever a person is at height of specific kind of emotions, he respond exactly according to the theory of classical conditioning. J. Thorndike 1922- Being an American psychologist, J. The theory of connectionism refers to Copyright © 2017, 2014 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 1 Theories of Behavior Timeline PSY/420 Version 2 1928 Thorndike was most famous for his theory of connectionism. This theory is the major and main reason why J.Thorndike is known as father of modern educational psychology. He had only covered educational psychology but also made re-known explorations in behavioural psychology. the learning process which result by formation of association between the stimuli and their respective responses and grows or becomes weak by the frequency and strength of this response-stimuli connection. This theory also consisted three important laws. Law of effect was one them. the theory played a remarkable role in the education process including mathematics, assessment of intelligence and learning of adults. F. Keller 19311964 Fred Simmons Keller was an Americal psychologist and a professor of psychology at Columbia University for 26 years of his life. He is best known for his Keller plan (named after him) which is also called “Personalized System of Instruction” which is a teaching method. Kellar plan (PSI) was a brilliant teaching method and it played a great role in the field of educational psychology. This plan has a broad range of applications in the field of mastery and instruction as it is applicable to almost every kind of teaching environment and level. It can be applied to schools teaching, bank training and even military training and instruction period. B.F. Skinner 1938 He was surely a truly gifted person as he was a psychologist, philosopher, discoverer and writer. Among his remarkable accomplishments, he is best known for his theory of operant conditioning which was discussed in his book named “The behavior of organisms” published in 1938. Operant or instrumental conditioning refers to a type of learning behavior in which the consequences of the individual are modified according to the reinforment or punishment experienced by the individual. This theory alongwith classical conditioning introduced a new side of humans and animals behavioural psychology. This theory formed the base of the behavioral analysis of both human and animals in the 20th century. I. Lovaas 1950 Ole Ivar Løvaas was a clinical psychologist in America and also a professor at University of California. He was the forger in the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA) by making the distinction by developing the “Discrete trail training (DTT)” procedure. Discrete trial training is a very simply, innovative and amazing method for helping the children or adults suffering from psychological problems like autism. In this method, we just divide the whole procedure into 7-8 short steps or tasks making it shorter, easier and by the helf of different types of designs, models and drawings, a lot more easier for the kids to remember. Ogden Lindsley 1960 Ogden Lindsley was an Americal psychologist and among her other great and remarkable contributions, she was worldly famous for her theory of “Precion Training”. It was Preicion training is an extremely and absolutely simple and easily applicable technique or method of instruction. All the instructor or teacher have to do is to check out the Copyright © 2017, 2014 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 2 Theories of Behavior Timeline PSY/420 Version 2 also a contribution to the field of applied behavioral analysis and was widely appreciated and still applied. rate of fluency of each individual in the class or gathering and then he would set up his instruction fluency according to the speed of fluency of each and every individual. This method, by application, has turned out to be extremely useful to increase the ability of learning of also every age group of people. A. Bandura 1961 Albert Bandura is a genius psychologist who is also a professor of psychology at Stanford University. He has done a lot in th field of psychology that has to be remember but he is best and most known for his social cognitive theory. Social cognitive theory (SCT) is not only applicable in psychology but also in education and communication studies. This extremely useful theory is concerned with the fact that people not only learn the things and innovative behaviors they adapt by only learning or education but also by seeing or observing other people and the consequences of their behaviors, this things gives them an urge or a slope for the learned behavior. J. Watson 1962 James Watson was an American biologist specialized in molecular biology. He was best and most reknowned for his discovery of “Nucleic acids” in 1962 alongwith other two scientists and was awarded a Nobel prize because of this discovery and its importance as nucleic acids are the components involved in the transfer of most important information in the living being at the cellular level. His discovery of nucleic acids literally revolutionized the world of molecular biology. Nucleic acids are one of the major, important and vital macromolecules including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. This discovery opened a new way of immensed knowledge and research to explore and helped a lot in understanding the infrastructure of the genetic materian inside the living beings. Copyright © 2017, 2014 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 3 Theories of Behavior Timeline PSY/420 Version 2 References Alvarado, N. CHAPTER 4 – WILHELM WUNDT AND THE FOUNDING OF PSYCHOLOGY. Retrieved from https://www.cpp.edu/~nalvarado/PSY410%20PPTs/Chap4.pdf Definition of learning. . Retrieved from http://www.psych.purdue.edu/~willia55/120/7.LearningCCMM.pdf Eyre, H. L. (2008). The behavior analyst today Keller’s personalized system of instruction: Was it a fleeting fancy or is there a revival on the horizon? Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1820/ca372ea4ede5d74316765ce3aa288b11c5ea.pdf Smith, T., & Eikeseth, S. (2010). O. Ivar Lovaas: Pioneer of applied behavior analysis and intervention for children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 375–378. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1162-0 Thorndike, E. L. (1949). 6 Thorndike. . Retrieved from http://fac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3%20Courses/2%20Learning/Learning%20Notes/6%20Thorndike.pdf Trotman, S. (2010). Comparative analysis of Charles Darwin and James Watson. Retrieved from http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/16173/?sequence=1 Retrieved February 10, 2017, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html Copyright © 2017, 2014 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 4