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DNA and RNA 1 DNA • Stores and transmits genetic information • Polymer of nucleotides – Deoxyribose – Phosphate group – Nitrogenous base 2 Structure of DNA Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Phosphate Group Deoxyribose Nucleotide • DNA has four Nitrogen Bases • • • • Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine 3 Chromosomes • Chromosomes are cellular structures that contain genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next – Composed of Chromatin • Which is made up of DNA and a protein 4 • Two identical parts of a chromosome called chromatids, are attached to one another at a centromere 5 Replication -----• During replication (prior to cell division) the DNA molecule unzips into two strands • Each strand serves as a template for the attachment of complimentary nucleotides 6 RNA • There are three major differences between RNA and DNA 1. RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose 2. RNA is usually singled stranded 3. RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine 7 Transcription DNA molecule is copied into a complimentary strand of RNA • RNA polymerase unzips DNA and begins to synthesizes mRNA • Carries the code out of the nucleus into cytoplasm • The DNA code is transferred to mRNA • This is known as mRNA • During transcription adenine is bonded to uracil not thymine (as in replication) 8 Translation • mRNA binds to the ribosome where ribosomal RNA is found • Amino acids are picked up by tRNA in the cytoplasm and carried to mRNA • Anticodons in tRNA attach to proper codons in mRNA • mRNA acts like a pattern for protein synthesis 9 MUTATIONS l Mutations are changes in genetic material – 10 Two Types – Chromosomal Mutations – Gene Mutations Chromosomal Mutation l l A Mutation involving a segment of a chromosome, an entire chromosome, or many chromosomes There are four types of mutations involving the structure of a chromosome: l 11 Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation Chromosomal Mutation l Deletion – – l 12 Loss of part of the chromosome Duplication– l Segment of chromosome is repeated Inversion– l Chromosome is orientated in reverse Translocation– Segment breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome (same time) Chromosomal Mutation l Chromosomal Mutations involving whole chromosomes is known as nondisjunction – Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis Resulting in extra chromosome in one cell and a missing chromosome in another (involving one chromosome) l Polyploidy can result when entire sets of chromosomes are involved l 13 Gene Mutation l A Mutation that involves just one gene – Can involve many nucleotides or a single nucleotide within a gene – Point Mutation – affects one nucleotide Frameshift Mutation – a single base is inserted or deleted, changing the polypeptide produced by gene – 14 Gene Regulation l Lac Operon – group of genes that turn genes on or off (lactose) – l Eukaryotic cells more complex – – – 15 Turned of by repressor protein that blocks transcription enhancers Promoter Sequences TATA box – helps position RNA polymerase