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Transcript
Unit 14 Social Psychology Lecture Notes Social Psychology The scientific study of how we think _____________________________________ Social thinking involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are ______________________ Persuasion – ____________________________________________________________ – The purpose is to change a groups attitude – Richard Petty and John Cacioppo – Two methods in which individuals can be persuaded. – ______________________________________________________ – ______________________________________________________ Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations Attribution Theory: Fritz Heider suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either _______________________ or the ____________________________________ Dispositions are enduring personality traits. So, if someone is quiet, shy, and introverted, they are likely to be like that in a _____________________________________________ A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (__________________________________________) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (_____________________________) Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to __________________________ the impact of __________________________ and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the _________________________________ We may see Joe as quiet, shy, and introverted most of the time, but with friends he is very talkative, loud, and extroverted. Attitudes and Actions A belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way _________________________________________________ If we believe a person is ______________, we may feel dislike for the person and act in an ______________________________________ Our attitudes predict our behaviors imperfectly because other factors, including the external situation, also influence behavior. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon – the tendency for people who have first agreed to a _______________________ to comply later with a __________________________Role Playing Effect – when people are ________________________, they tend to adopt role __________________________________ Cognitive Dissonance – when our attitudes and our actions are ____________________ Self-serving bias- is people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors. The Halo Effect – Created By _________________________________________ – Halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an _________________________________ of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer's feelings and thoughts about that entity's character or properties. Social Influence The greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of _______________________________________________________ and they way they are molded by social influence. Conformity and Obedience Behavior is ___________________________, modeled by one followed by another. We follow behavior of others to conform. Other behaviors may be an expression of compliance (_______________________) toward authority. Solomon Asch and Conformity – _________________________ experiment – Asch wanted to test conformity and how it was effected by _________________________________________________________________________ – Experiment: A participant was brought into the room with a group of actors. Everyone was asked which line is longer. Everyone would state the wrong answer to see if the one participate would agree and say the wrong answer. Group Pressure and Conformity _______________________________________________________, adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard. An influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality. Conditions that strengthen conformity – One is made to feel _____________________________________ – The group has at least three people. – The group is _______________________ – One admires the group’s status. – One has no prior commitment to a response. – The group observes _____________________________________ – One’s culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard. Obedience Compliance of person is due to perceived authority of asker Request is perceived as a ______________________ Milgram interested in ___________________________________________________ People comply to ______________________________. How would they respond to outright command? Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigates the effects of ________________________________________ Participants were pressured to choose between following their standards and being responsive to others. Stanley Milgram’s Studies – Teacher goes to another room with experimenter – Shock generator panel – 15 to 450 volts, labels “slight shock” to “XXX” – Asked to give higher shocks for every mistake learner makes a ________________________ Social Influence ___________________________________________________________________________ Social Facilitation Describe home field advantage: Social Relations § § Ingroup “Us”- people with whom one shares a _______________________________- Ingroup Bias – _________________________________________________________ Outgroup “Them”- those perceived as ________________________________ from one’s ingroup How do groups affect our behavior? • One person affecting another • Families • Teams • Committees or Task Groups Individual Behavior in the presence of others – Social Facilitation – refers to improved performance on tasks in the ___________________ – Triplett (1898) noticed cyclists’ race times were faster when they competed against others than when they just raced against the clock. – Deindividuation – the loss of ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Effects of Group Interaction Group Polarization – enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion. If a group is ________________________________________________________________________ Group think – A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives. – ______________________________________________ – ______________________________________________ – ______________________________________________ – Luke Skywalker conspiracy Social Relations - Does perception change with race? Prejudice Simply called “prejudgment,” a prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Components of Prejudice o o o How prejudice are people? Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have _______________________________ Cognitive Roots of Prejudice In vivid cases such as the 9/11 attacks, terrorists can feed ____________________________ The Just-World Phenomenon – the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and __________________________________________________________________________ Stereotypes and Schemas - Stereotypes- A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of _________________________ - Schemas- how we organize information in order to _________________________________________________________________________ Aggressive Behavior Bystander Intervention __________________________________________________________________________ Bystander Effect Tendency of any given bystander to be __________________________ to give aid if other bystanders are _________________________ The case of Kitty Genovese: the bystander effect