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Chapter 18
 What are the factors that influence our choosing of friends?
 Use the index card to answer the warm-up
 How can being in the presence of others:
 Motivate people to exert themselves or tempt them to free-ride on the efforts of others.
 Make easy tasks easier and difficult tasks harder
 Enhance humor or fuel mob violence
 The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the
group.
 Groups discussion leads to most in favor or opposed to an idea.
 The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-
making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
 Social control (the power of the situation)
 Personal control (the power of the individual)
 These two factors interact with each other
 The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities (minority influence)
(moscovici, 1985)
 If the minority is answering and holds to its position it is far more successful in swinging
the majority than is a minority that waffles.
 Conformity is acting in accord with group norms or customs
 Obedience:
 A change in attitude or behavior brought about by social pressure to comply with people
perceived to be authorities.
 Asch’s conformity
 Milgram’s experiment on obedience
 Zimbardo experiment
 Aggression
 Catharsis:
 Releasing anger or aggression by letting out powerful negative emotions
 Diffusion of responsibility:
 The presence of others lessens an individual’s feelings of responsibility for his or her
actions or failure to act.
 Bystander effect:
 An individual does not take action because of the presence of others.
 Social Facilitation:
 Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
 Social Loafing:
 The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward
attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
 Deindividuation:
 The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster
arousal and anonymity.
 How can conformity and obedience studies help us understand our susceptibility
to social influence?
 How does group interaction facilitate group polarization and groupthink?
 What are two examples of social influence you have experienced this week?
 AP exam review Flashcard Battle:
 You and a partner will be competing against the other groups for pride and overall
classroom domination.
 This will be a 7 round battle:
 Each partner will compete in each round (so 14 total rounds)
 Each round will be 25 seconds long
 You will see how many flashcards your group can get correct.
 At the end of each round the total correct will be collected.
 No cheating or touching of the hair.
 I only want to see good old fashion flashcarding going on in the arena.
 From the list below pick all of the
categories in which you are not
confident:
 Emotion
 Stress and health
 Neuroscience
 Personality
 Developing through the life span
 Psychological disorders
 Sensation and perception
 Therapy
 Learning
 Social psychology
 Memory
 Careers in psychology
 Thinking and language
 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity.
 Intelligence
 Motivation and work
 An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a
predisposition to discriminatory action.
 It is a mixture between stereotypes and discriminations.
 Where can this still be seen today?
 Is it still a big issue like it was in the past?
 Social inequalities:
 When some people have money, power, and prestige and others do not, the “haves”
usually develop attitudes that justify things as they are.
 Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup:
 “us” people with whom one shares a common identity.
 “Them” those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup.
 Ingroup Bias:
 The tendency to favor one’s group.
 Often this is expressed through emotional outburst.
 Things don’t go our way so we tend to find someone to be our scapegoat:
 Scapegoat theory is that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to
blame.
 Categorization:
 We tend to make sense of our world through putting things into categories.
 Just-World Phenomenon:
 The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what
they deserve and deserve what they get.
 A. Define the following psychological concepts:
 Conformity
 Incentive motivation
 Negative reinforcement
 Group polarization
 B. Use one example for each of the concepts listed above to explain how these
influences can impact ones decision making in social situations.