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Chapter 18 What are the factors that influence our choosing of friends? Use the index card to answer the warm-up How can being in the presence of others: Motivate people to exert themselves or tempt them to free-ride on the efforts of others. Make easy tasks easier and difficult tasks harder Enhance humor or fuel mob violence The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Groups discussion leads to most in favor or opposed to an idea. The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Social control (the power of the situation) Personal control (the power of the individual) These two factors interact with each other The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities (minority influence) (moscovici, 1985) If the minority is answering and holds to its position it is far more successful in swinging the majority than is a minority that waffles. Conformity is acting in accord with group norms or customs Obedience: A change in attitude or behavior brought about by social pressure to comply with people perceived to be authorities. Asch’s conformity Milgram’s experiment on obedience Zimbardo experiment Aggression Catharsis: Releasing anger or aggression by letting out powerful negative emotions Diffusion of responsibility: The presence of others lessens an individual’s feelings of responsibility for his or her actions or failure to act. Bystander effect: An individual does not take action because of the presence of others. Social Facilitation: Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. Social Loafing: The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Deindividuation: The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. How can conformity and obedience studies help us understand our susceptibility to social influence? How does group interaction facilitate group polarization and groupthink? What are two examples of social influence you have experienced this week? AP exam review Flashcard Battle: You and a partner will be competing against the other groups for pride and overall classroom domination. This will be a 7 round battle: Each partner will compete in each round (so 14 total rounds) Each round will be 25 seconds long You will see how many flashcards your group can get correct. At the end of each round the total correct will be collected. No cheating or touching of the hair. I only want to see good old fashion flashcarding going on in the arena. From the list below pick all of the categories in which you are not confident: Emotion Stress and health Neuroscience Personality Developing through the life span Psychological disorders Sensation and perception Therapy Learning Social psychology Memory Careers in psychology Thinking and language Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity. Intelligence Motivation and work An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. It is a mixture between stereotypes and discriminations. Where can this still be seen today? Is it still a big issue like it was in the past? Social inequalities: When some people have money, power, and prestige and others do not, the “haves” usually develop attitudes that justify things as they are. Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup: “us” people with whom one shares a common identity. “Them” those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup. Ingroup Bias: The tendency to favor one’s group. Often this is expressed through emotional outburst. Things don’t go our way so we tend to find someone to be our scapegoat: Scapegoat theory is that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Categorization: We tend to make sense of our world through putting things into categories. Just-World Phenomenon: The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. A. Define the following psychological concepts: Conformity Incentive motivation Negative reinforcement Group polarization B. Use one example for each of the concepts listed above to explain how these influences can impact ones decision making in social situations.