Download GT Bio Midterm Study Guide

GT Biology Midterm Study Guide
Make sure that you are familiar with the following. You do not need to write notes for bold items:
I.
Scientific method
• Independent variable vs. Dependent variable
• Experimental group vs. Control group
• Be able to identify the problem, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, etc.
II.
Atoms and Bonding
• What is an atom, element, molecule, and compound?
• What are the 6 main elements that make up living organisms?
• What are protons, neutrons, & electrons? Where are they located within the atom?
o What is the atomic number of phosphorous (P)?
o What is the atomic mass?
15
18
o What is the number of protons?
P
Ar
o What is the number of neutrons?
30.97
39.948
o What is the number of electrons?
• What is an isotope?
• Draw the Bohr model for the element Argon.
• Is Argon stable? Why or why not?
• Differentiate between ionic (salts) and covalent (molecules)?
• Covalent vs. ionic bond
III.
Properties of Water
Property of Water
Definition
Polar
Density (solid vs. liquid water)
Cohesion
Surface tension
Adhesion
Capillary Action
IV.
• Is water organic or inorganic? Why?
• Solute vs. solvent
pH- Acids, Neutral, and Bases
Numbers on pH scale
Hydrogen vs. hydroxide concentration [H+]
vs.[OH-]
Acid
Neutral
Base
•
V.
What are buffers?
Macromolecules
• Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Function(s)
Elements
Carbohydrates
Monomers
Examples
dissolve in
H2O?
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
• Are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids organic or inorganic?
• Describe the following molecules: starch, glycogen, cellulose, hemoglobin, and RNA
• Enzymes- What are their function? What type of macromolecule?
Vitamins and Minerals
• Which is organic? Which is inorganic? * Function of vitamins C,D,K
VI.
Quarter 2/Quarter 3 Material for Midterm - A lot of overlap with your 2ndQ study guide.
VII.
Cells
• List differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Give examples of each.
• Which 3 organelles are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells? Which 3 organelles are found in
animal cells, but not in plant cells?
VIII.
Multicellular Organization
• What is tissue, organ, and organ system?
IX.
Membrane Transport
• Describe the structure of the cell membrane; what is it made up of?
• What are glycolipids and glycoproteins?
• What is the fluid mosaic model?
X.
Photosynthesis
• Autotroph vs. heterotroph
• Photoautotroph vs. chemoautotroph
• Graphs of how light intensity, level of CO2 and temperature affect rate of photosynthesis
• Reactants (starting materials) and products (ending materials) of both the light dependent reactions
and Calvin cycle
• Xylem vs. Phloem
XI.
Cellular Respiration
Stage of cellular respiration
Location/ brief description
Total ATP produced
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain
In addition to ATP being produced, list the other products of glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.
How much ATP produced during cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) vs. fermentation (anaerobic
respiration)?
• Two types of fermentation (Lactic Acid Fermentation vs. Alcoholic Fermentation)
Body Systems (Organ Systems using the Human Systems packet as review)
• Focus will be on relating the material in the packet to concepts learned in class like
o Digestion – polymers, enzymes, pH, membrane transport of monomers, SA:V
o Circulatory & respiratory – membrane transport of CO2, O2, or organic molecules, SA:V
o Endocrine – homeostasis
o Functions of digestive, circulatory, and respiratory organs
•
•
XII.
Biology Midterm Review Sheet
1. Fill in the table below:
Carbohydrates
Elements found
in compound
Name________________________________
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Building blocks
Role of
macromolecule
in body
2. Distinguish between a dependent variable and an independent variable.
3. For each scenario, label the independent and the dependent variable:
Scenario
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Susie wants to see if playing 80s music
will cause plants to grow taller.
Joe wants to see if an increase in
temperature affects the chirping of
crickets.
4. How can you tell if a compound is organic?
5. For each of the following compounds, decide if they are organic or inorganic. Write it on the line next to each one:
A. NaCl ____________________
B. CO2 ____________________
C. C6H12O6 ________________ __
D. H20 ____________________
6. Give the role of the following vitamins in your body:
vitamin D ________________________________________________________
vitamin K ________________________________________________________
vitamin C _________________________________________________________
7. Explain why it is important to include vitamins and minerals in your diet.
8. List and describe at least three properties of water that make it unique.
9. What pH range represents an acid? ____________________
What range represents a base? ______________________
10. When heating materials in lab, what lab safety equipment should be worn? Explain why.
11. Why should an experiment be repeated many times?
12. For each of the following pairs, circle the one that is MORE complex:
A. atom - cell
F. organ system - organ
B. tissue - organ
G. molecule -- atom
C. molecule - tissue
H. organ -- atom
D. organ system - molecule
I. cell -- molecule
E. cell - tissue
13. Label the substrate, enzyme and products on the following diagram:
14. Explain why enzymes are so important to living organisms.
15. Consider the equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
What cellular organelle does this process take place in?
16. What types of organisms undergo this process: animals, plants or both?
17. Does this process involve the release of energy or storing of energy in organic molecules?
18. For each cell part, give their job in the cell:
Cell Part
Job in Cell
Cell membrane
Cilia and Flagella
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
19. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Give at least one example of each type of cell.
20. A microscope allows us to see cells in a larger way. How is the magnification of a microscope calculated? What cell
organelles can be seen with a typical light microscope?
21. What is the difference between active and passive transport? Give at least two examples of each.
22. How do each of the following systems help multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis?
Circulatory system –
Digestive system –
Excretory system –
Respiratory system –
Vascular system (in plants)
23. Consider the equation:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
A. What cellular organelle does this process take place in? _______________________
B. What types of organisms undergo this process: animals, plants or both? ___________
C. Does this process involve the release of energy or storing of energy in organic molecules?
24. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic respiration? Include where it takes place in the cell, products and
the amount of ATP produced in your answer.
25. How do the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Explain in words or sketch a graph.
A. increasing light intensity
B. increasing temperature
C. increasing the amount of CO2 or water available
D. changing the color of light shining on the plant
GT BIO - 2nd Quarter Study Guide. Make sure that you are familiar with the following topics:
I.
Cells
• What is a cell?
• Skin cells differ from blood cells in their shape, size, etc. this is because cells are specialized. What
does specialization mean?
• What is an organelle?
• For each organelle:
Name
Function
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Cilia and Flagella
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Centriole
II.
• Which organelle would be most visible under a microscope?
• Protist are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, of fungi. How do they move?
• What are pseupodia?
Body Systems (Organ System)
• What is a body system (organ system)?
• For each organ system:
Organ System
Function
Digestive
Skeletal
Cardiovascular (circulatory)
Respiratory
Excretory
Endocrine
III.
• What is homeostasis?
Cell Transport
• What is the difference between passive and active transport?
o Examples of passive transport:
Type of passive transport
Definition
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
o Examples of active transport:
Type of Active Tranpsort
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Definition
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
• Hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions:
Outside Cell
Definition
Picture/ description of what happens the cell
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
IV.
Photosynthesis
• Purpose
• Reactants and Products
• Chemical equation
• Location (which organelle)
• Can plants and/or animals undergo this process?
• Draw the of the graphs for: Light intensity, CO2, and temperature affect on the rate of photosynthesis
• Vascular tissue: Xylem vs. Phloem
V.
Chemosynthesis
• What is chemosynthesis?
VI.
Cellular respiration
• Purpose
• Reactants and products
• Chemical equation
• Location (which organelle)
• Can plants and/or animals undergo this process?
• Cellular respiration(Aerobic respiration) vs. Fermentation (Anaerobic respiration):
Type of Respiration
Definition/ When does it occur?
Total ATP produced
Cellular Respiration
(Aerobic Respiration)
Fermentation
(Anaerobic Respiration )
•
•
There are 2 types of fermentation:
o Example(s) of lactic acid fermentation:
o Examples(s) of alcoholic fermentation:
How are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?