Download Biology 164 – Study Guide

Biology 164 – Study Guide
Cells and Related Topics, Chapter 3; Chapter 2 (pp. 30 – 31), Chapter 19 (p. 394 –
398), Chapter 21 (pp. 434 - 441)
(Organelles, Transport Processes, Enzymes, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, DNA
Replication, Protein Synthesis)
Why are cells small?
How does the surface area to volume ratio (SA:V or SA/V) influence maximum cell
size? (I.e., why aren’t cells the size of Volkswagens?)
Cell membrane
1. Terms – know the definition and significance of each of the following
terms:
cholesterol, concentration gradient, enzyme, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, lipid
solubility, phospholipid, phospholipid bilayer (fluid mosaic) model of a cell
membrane, protein channel (pore), receptor, transporter (carrier molecule)
2. Membrane permeability
What physical characteristics of a solute or of the cell membrane
determine whether a particular solute is permeable to the membrane?
(Note: the presence of a concentration gradient is not a physical
characteristic of a solute or a cell membrane.)
Other cellular organelles
Know the major function(s) of the following cellular organelles and structures
at the level of detail that was covered in lecture:
cell membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol), Golgi body (apparatus), lysosome,
mitochondrion, nucleolus, nucleus, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Transport processes
1. For each of the following transport processes, know:
a. The definition of the term
b. Is ATP required at the site of transport in order for transport to
occur?
c. In which direction is the solute or solvent moving ([High] → [Low] or
[Low] → [High])?
d. Is a carrier molecule required in order for transport to occur?
active transport, facilitated diffusion, Na+/K+ ATPase pump, osmosis,
passive transport, primary active transport, secondary active transport,
simple diffusion, transport protein
2. Terms – know the definition and significance of:
absolute zero, carrier molecule/protein, concentration gradient,
electrochemical gradient, equilibrium, equilibrium concentration,
flux (diffusion rate), Flux = P • ΔC (across membranes), hydrostatic
pressure, hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions, osmotic pressure,
permeability, protein channels, random molecular motion, selective
permeability, semipermeable membrane,
DNA Replication and Protein synthesis
Terms – Know the definition and anatomical/physiological significance of:
adenine (A), anticodon (on tRNA), code (on DNA), codon (on mRNA),
complementary base pairing rules for DNA and RNA, cytosine (C), DNA
polymerase, DNA, gene, guanine (G), nucleotide, RNA polymerase, thymine (T),
transcription, translation, triplet code, uracil (U)
What role does each of the following play in protein synthesis? THIS IS
EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.
DNA, mRNA, ribosome, RNA polymerase, rRNA, tRNA
The cell cycle and cell division function
Know the definition and significance of:
cell differentiation, DNA polymerase, interphase, meiosis, mitosis
Enzyme function (in text - Ch. 2, pp. 30 - 31)
Know the definition and significance of:
active site, chemical catalyst, coenzyme, saturation, specificity, substrate
Practice Questions
1. Cells rely on diffusion to obtain oxygen from their surroundings. Diffusion of oxygen
into a cell will be greatest when cell surface area is ___.
a. very large
b. very small
2. As the radius of a hypothetical cell increases ___.
a. its surface area to volume ratio decreases
(i.e. cell volume increases more rapidly than cell surface area)
b. its surface area to volume ratio increases
(i.e. cell surface area increases more rapidly than cell volume)
c. its surface area to volume ratio remains the same
(i.e. cell surface area and cell volume increase at the same rate)
3. The cell membrane regulates molecular traffic into and out of the cell. That is, it is
selectively permeable. Which of the following factors DOES NOT DIRECTLY
DETERMINE whether a particular solute can pass through the cell membrane?
a. solute size compared to the size of protein channels
b. solute charge compared to the charge on protein channels
c. solubility of the solute in lipids
d. the presence of specific carrier molecules for the solute
e. the concentrations of the solute inside and outside the cell
4. Passive transport moves molecules down a concentration gradient ([high] → [low]) and
does not require ATP.
a. true
b. false
5. Which of the following is an example of active transport?
a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion
c. Na+/K+ ATPase pump
d. osmosis
e. these are all active transport mechanisms
Use the following to answer the next three (3) questions:
Red blood cells of the unusual fish, Saltus incrediblis, have a solute concentration of
2%. Red cell membranes in this fish are permeable to water, but not permeable to
solutes.
6. If a red blood cell from this fish were dropped into a beaker of distilled water (0.0%
solutes) the cell would:
a. shrink
b. swell
c. call a personal injury attorney
7. The change is cell volume, if any, is due to:
a. active transport
b. diffusion
c. facilitated diffusion
d. osmosis
8. The correct answer to the previous question indicates that distilled water is ___ to these
cells.
a. hypertonic
b. hypotonic
c. isotonic
d. moronic
Use the following to answer the next three questions:
a. lysosome
b. mitochondrion
c. nucleolus
d. nucleus
e. rough endoplasmic reticulum
9. This organelle contains digestive enzymes used to recycle cellular materials.
10. Most of the cell's DNA is contained within this organelle.
11. The subunits of ribosomes are made by this organelle.
Use the following to answer the next three questions:
a. cell membrane
b. Golgi apparatus
d. mitochondrion
e. peroxisomes
c. lysosome
12. This semipermeable organelle regulates molecular traffic into and out of the cell.
13. Oxygen is used by this organelle during ATP production.
14. This organelle acts like the Post Office, addressing, packaging and modifying cellular
molecules.
15. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, but are not themselves permanently changed
by the reactions that they catalyze.
a. true
b. false
1 a
2 a
3 e
4 a
5 c
6 b
7 d
8 b
9 a
10 d
11 c
12 a
13 d
14 b
15 a