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Download • Double helix -- twisted ladder shape of DNA, like spiral staircase
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March 01, 2016 Study guide for quiz on DNA Vocabulary to know: • DNA -- Deoxyribonucleic acid, makes up genes (& chromosomes) • RNA -- Ribonucleic acid, messenger RNA takes a message to the ribosome for translation into a protein • Ribosome -- organelle in cytoplasm that makes protein (translates mRNA into string of amino acids) • Replicate -- make exact copy of DNA, DNA strands split apart and each one has 2nd strand filled in with matching nucleotides • Gene expression -- going from DNA to RNA to protein which results in phenotype, how the genotype determines the phenotype • Template -- model/pattern/stencil that makes copying easy and exact • Nucleotide -- basic unit of DNA, phosphate + sugar + nitrogen base • Transcription -- making mRNA from DNA, determined by pattern in DNA, happens in nucleus • Translation -- ribosome reading code of mRNA and making protein that goes with that code • Double helix -- twisted ladder shape of DNA, like spiral staircase • Complementary base pairing -- A only goes with T (or U in RNA), G only goes with C, fit like lock and key • Chromosome -- very long molecule of DNA with millions of nucleotides, contains our genes, we have 46 • Differentiation -- process that changes structure and function of cells within the organism (form follows function); result is cells become more specialized March 01, 2016 1. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? (Be able to label them.) sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base 2. What makes up the backbone of the DNA double helix? sugar, phosphate 3. What makes up the “rungs” of the DNA “ladder”? nitrogen bases 4. What letters represent the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA? A, G, T, C 5. Which letters bind with which? A - T, G - C 6. What kind of bond holds the nitrogen bases together in the ladder “rung”? hydrogen Why is this a good bond for this location? allows DNA to unzip easily 7. What are the 3 functions of DNA? * Passing on genes to daughter cells so body can make more cells for growth and maintenance, new cells will have genes identical to original cells so body stays same throughout * pass on genetic information to offspring so species continues to next generation * gene expression -- codes for proteins that are important for life (growth, repair, function), produces phenotype 8. Why does every new cell in your body need a copy of your DNA? so it can make correct proteins for its function (pancreas cells make insulin, etc.) 9. How might DNA technology affect you? DNA fingerprinting, identifying genetic disease or best treatment for diseases, genetically modified food 10. How does DNA store the code for proteins? March 01, 2016 in the order of its bases (A, G, C, T), each triplet of letters codes for one amino acid 11. How does DNA replication work? DNA unzips into 2 complementary strands, then each strand is filled in with the matching bases, produces 2 exact copies of DNA 12. Why is the replication almost foolproof? only 1 base (letter) can fit in each spot, A only goes with T and G only goes with C 13. How does DNA determine phenotype? It codes for the proteins that produce the phenotype. 14. Where does transcription happen? nucleus 15. Where does translation happen? ribosome/cytoplasm 16. Given half of a DNA strand, be able to fill in the other half and show the mRNA that would be made. DNA RNA AA T C G A T C A AA T C G A T C A T T A G C T A G T U U A G C U A G U Know that a protein is made up of amino acids. genotype --> DNA --> protein --> phenotype RNA --> protein transcription translation nucleus ribosome/cytoplasm March 01, 2016 17. If all cells have the same chromosomes, why don't they all produce the same proteins and look the same? some genes are turned on and others are turned off -- in the skin, only the skin genes are turned on and the heart genes, etc. are turned off TTACCGATA AATGGCTAT replication AAUGGCUAU transcription asn gly tyr