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Muscle Tissue • Highly vascularized • Responsible for most types of movement • Three types – Skeletal muscle tissue • Found in skeletal muscle • Voluntary – Cardiac muscle tissue • Found in walls of heart • Involuntary – Smooth muscle tissue • Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart • Involuntary © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9a Muscle tissues. Skeletal muscle Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Part of muscle fiber (cell) Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Nuclei Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. Striations Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 440x). Notice the obvious banding pattern and the fact that these large cells are multinucleate. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9b Muscle tissues. Cardiac muscle Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). Intercalated discs Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Striations Location: The walls of the heart. Nucleus Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (900x); notice the striations, branching of cells, and the intercalated discs. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.9c Muscle tissues. Smooth muscle Description: Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Nuclei Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs. Smooth muscle cell Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (720x). © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Nervous Tissue • Main component of nervous system – Brain, spinal cord, nerves – Regulates and controls body functions • Neurons – Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses • Neuroglia – Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.10 Nervous tissues. Nervous tissue Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexcitable supporting cells. Nuclei of supporting cells Neuron processes Cell body Axon Dendrites Cell body of a neuron Function: Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity; supporting cells support and protect neurons. Neuron processes Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x). © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.