Download Communication Workbook

9.5 HSC Biology Option: Communication
Mr McKenzie 2015 Class
The Biology Option Communication is divided up into 7 sections.
You will need to be able to explain the various key concepts in each of these
sections using the correction terminology.
Below is an outline of the different sections in the Communication topic.
1. The senses
and
communication
7. How
nerves
trasmit
signals
2. Light receival
by the eye
Communication
6.
Detection
of Sound
5. How
Sound is
Produced
4.
Transformation
of light in the
retina
3. Transfer of
visual signals
within the
eye
Background Information
What is Communication?
Communication is best describe as one organism transferring information to
another organism. Not only does it involve one organism sending the message,
it also involves the second organism receiving and interpreting the message
correctly.
Communication & Social Behaviour
To communicate with other organisms different signals have evolved. When
one organism sends a recognisable signal, it influences the response of the
second individual. The interaction between signaller and responder is the basis
of social interaction and can lead to social interaction within a community. This
can benefit the social group. Effective communication allows organisms to
interact efficiently.
Examples
- Bees gathering honey
- Herd animals warning of danger
- Raising young
Team work is often more effective than individual attempts resulting in
improve efficiency in
-
Foraging
Hunting
Defending resources (food / territory)
Protection and care of offspring
Methods of Communication
Sight is a common form of communication. It relies on light, which is fast and
travels in a straight line. In humans it includes
- Facial gestures, posture and body language
- Reading (The use of abstract symbols)
The use of writing is an important in human cultural development as concepts
can be communicated when a person is outside the range of hearing and sight.
Sound is used by a range of different organisms. Humans use a wide range of
clear and distinctive sounds for communication.
Communication in other animals is generally non-symbolic.
Most animals that use sound are recognising a call to identify something,
rather than describe something which isn’t there.
So communication involves sending a meaningful message and having it
interpreted. For effective communication the communicator (the individual
sending the message) needs a signalling device. In humans, this is the larynx,
commonly called the voice box used for sound production. Other examples of
signalling devices are bright coloured feathers used to attract mates or glands
which can secrete chemicals to mark territories.
The recipient must have suitable sensory structures to detect the signal. A dog
giving a warning by baring its teeth is not useful if the receiver has no eyes.
Sensory structures that can detect changes in the environment are called
receptors.
Effective communication methods usually rely on visual (seeing), acoustic
(hearing), tactile (touching) and chemical (smelling/tasting) receptors.
This topic will focus on sight and sound.
9.5.1 Humans, and other animals, are able to detect a range of stimuli from the
external environment, some of which are useful for communication
•
identify the role of receptors in detecting stimuli
A stimulus is a change in the internal or external environment of an organism.
1. What types of changes would an organism need to detect to ensure it
survives:
a. External environment (Outside the body)
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b. Internal Environment (inside the body)
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Organisms can detect (pick up or receive) stimuli (more than one stimulus)
using receptors. The simplest version of a receptor is a single cell, scattered
over the body of an organism that can detect a change in the environment.
However in many organisms, receptors have become concentrated in one area,
the form of sense organs, like the nose or the eye. These sense organs will
contain both sensory that can monitor stimuli and non-sensory tissue.
2. What do the following words mean:
Stimulus: _____________________________________________________
Stimuli: _______________________________________________________
Receptors: ____________________________________________________
Sensory Tissue: ________________________________________________
Non-sensory tissue: _____________________________________________
Give an example of non-sensory tissue in the nose: ____________________
A response is a reaction in an organism or its tissues, as a result of receiving a
stimulus. A pathway exists whereby a stimulus is detected, a message is carried
to a different part of the body and a response is triggered.
Example: If you touch a hot kettle, the skin detects heat/pain and you pull your
hand back rapidly
Coordinating this action needs a link between the receptors that detect the
stimuli and the effectors, the muscles or glands (organs which secrete
hormones) that respond. This link is the nervous system, the nerves, brain,
spinal cord of the body.
Draw the relationship between stimulus, receptors, effectors and the response
Messenger
(Sensory Nerve)
Brain / Spine (CNS)
Messenger
(Motor Nerve)
When listing different types of receptors, they are usually grouped by what
they can detect.
Important Prefixes:
Photo – light
Mechano – Mechanical energy (Movement)
Thermo – heat/Temperature
Chemo – Chemical
Photoreceptors detect light, usually in the visible spectrum (blues to red)
however some bird and insect species can detect UV light.
Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, gravity, pressure, and the stretching and
bending associated with movement.
Thermoreceptors can detect changes in temperature.
Chemoreceptors can detect the presence of a chemical which is moving
through the air or dissolved in food or drink.
Q3. Where could you find:
Photoreceptors: _______________________________________________
Chemoreceptors: _______________________________________________
Mechanoreceptors: _____________________________________________
Q4. Fill in the blanks
Stimulus
Sense
Organ
_____
___
_____
___
Sensory Receptors
Function
Sense
______receptors,
rods and cones in
the eye
_______receptors,
hair cells in the
organ of Corti
Detects light,
colour,
movement
_____
Detects
sound waves
_______
______
_______receptors
in taste buds
Chemical
____
________receptors
in the nasal
passages
Pressure
____
_______receptors
in skin
Chemical
Detects
dissolved
molecules
Detects
molecules in
the air
Detect
pressure on
skin
_____
_____
_____
Q5. Define each term:
Photoreceptor: ________________________________________________
Chemoreceptor: _______________________________________________
Thermoreceptor: _______________________________________________
Mechanoreceptor: _____________________________________________
•
explain that the response to a stimulus involves:
o
stimulus
o
effector
o
receptor
o
response
o
messenger
The reaction of an organism (or its tissues) to a stimulus is called the response.
The brain and the spinal cord are called the central nervous system (CNS),
(nervous structures along the centre of your body). It is the CNS that triggers
the response.
Receptors in the sense organs are connected to the CNS by nerves. For
example the photoreceptors in the eyes are connected to the optic nerve,
which connects to the brain.
- Receptors in the sense organ convert the stimulus into an
electrochemical signal, called a nerve impulse.
- These travel along the nerves, which act as messengers, transmitting
the signal from the receptor to the CNS
- At the CNS, the signal it is interpreted as information and a response
is initiated.
- The CNS send more signals to the effector organs that the response
- Effectors, either muscles or glands.
Example:
- When there is a knock on the door of a classroom (the stimuli), the
students/teacher look up (the response). The brain has received and
interpreted the signal from the ear and sent a message to the eyes
and the neck muscles.
The response depends on the CNS’s interpretation of the signal. It is based
around either past experience or an inherited reflex.
Past experience response
- The mouth producing saliva when nice food is smelt
Inherited reflex response
- blinking the eyes when something moves rapidly towards them
- jerking away from a source of pain
- the pupil dilating (getting wider) when entering a dark room
This pathway of stimulus, message, interpretation, message, effector, response
is called animal behaviour.
Complete the flow chart showing the steps showing the stimuli response
pathway for a knock at the door.
Messenger
(Auditory Nerve)
Brain / Spine (CNS)
Messenger
(Motor Nerve)
Identify the stimulus, receptor, effector and response section above
Draw the steps to show the nervous systems’ response to hearing somebody
call your name.
•
identify data sources, gather and process information from secondary
sources to identify the range of senses involved in communication
Use the websites below and
1. Select a named animal and discuss how one of its sense is highly
developed to compensate for the poor development of another
2. Select one sense and describe how it is used as a form of communication
3. Describe one method of communication in a named animal and explain
how the development of that method of communication is closely
related to the lifestyle of the animal and its environment.
Fish Intelligence and communication
http://www.oursimplejoys.com/freshwateraquaria/17-fishintelligence-communication.html
Likkin Lizards
http://chamownersweb.net/misc/likkinlizerds1.htm
Answer questions 1 and 3 as a information report text type
Answer question 2 in a table.
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Summary
What are the main concepts in this section?
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What are the key terms I have to use:
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Create a statement that you might have to write in an exam using each key
word above:
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Past paper Questions
2014
Q31.ii. Outline the steps involved in the nervous’ systems response to a
stimulus
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2008
Q29 i) Name TWO receptors used for communication in humans. 2 marks
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ii) For ONE receptor, outline the steps in the response to a stimulus. 3 marks
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2003
Q30 a)
For each stimulus in the table, name an appropriate receptor. 3 marks
Receptor
Stimulus
Sense
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Black and white
photograph
Vision
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Pin prick
Touch
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Concert Band
Hearing
Exam Answers
2014 Q31
2008 Q29 i)
ii)
2003 Q30 a)
Reflection
What can I do to improve:
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Glossary:
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