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http://www.dnatube.com/video/55 1/The-Inner-Life-Of-A-Cell-HQ Tour of the Cell 1 AP Biology 2013-2014 Cytology: science/study of cells To view cells: Light microscopy resolving power: measure of clarity Electron microscopy – electron beam TEM: to study cell internal ultrastructure SEM: to study cell surfaces AP Biology http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/fes em/info/cryosem/ SEM Foraminifera (a protist) dog flea Leaf part Cool images http://www.vcbio.science.r u.nl/en/fesem/applets/flea/ Polysterene aggregate Micro- & nano organisms Leaf (guard cells) AP Biology Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 hair Cytology: science/study of cells To isolate organelles: Cell fractionation: to separate major organelles Ultracentrifuge: cell fractionation; 130,000rpm or 1,000,000 g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B nES4T1RDk AP Biology Organelle Isolation: Cell Fractionation & Ultracentrifugation NUCLEI MITOCHONDRIA MEMBRANES ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AP Biology Centrifuge at LOW SPEED for 10 minutes Centrifuge at MODERATE SPEED for 15 minutes Centrifuge at HIGH SPEED for 30 minutes Size is relative AP Biology http://htwins.net/scale2/ http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm Cell Size http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/ AP Biology Cell Size SA = 4 r2 V = 4/3 r3 Cell Radius SA (r2) V (r3) SA/V (r2/r3) r 1 1 1 1 3 9 27 1/3 4 16 64 1/4 r SA/V V and SA V AP Biology 2 4 8 1/2 > SA Cell Size As cell size increases, the SA to V ratio decreases Rates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell size Cell size, therefore, remains small What happens when the cell reaches a critical size? AP Biology Types of cells Prokaryote bacteria cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote animal cells AP Biology Eukaryote plant cells http://www.yellowtang.org/animations/cell_features_v2.swf AP Biology Cell Types: Prokaryotic Nucleoid: DNA concentration No organelles with membranes Ribosomes: protein synthesis Plasma membrane: (all cells); semi-permeable Cytoplasm/cytosol (all cells) AP Biology Prokaryotes contain no organelles. Organelles are membrane bound. Ribosomes are not membrane bound. Ribosomes are not organelles. Cell types: Eukaryotic Nucleus:membrane enclosed organelle containing chromosomes Membrane bound organelles of specialized form and function Generally larger than prokaryotic cells AP Biology Why organelles? Specialized structures specialized functions mitochondria cilia or flagella for locomotion Containers partition cell into compartments create different local environments chloroplast separate pH, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions lysosome & its digestive enzymes Membranes as sites for chemical reactions unique combinations of lipids & proteins embedded enzymes & reaction centers Golgi chloroplasts & mitochondria AP Biology http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm ER Cells must work to live! What jobs do cells have to do? make proteins proteins control every cell function make energy for daily life for growth make more cells growth repair renewal AP Biology http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.ht ml http://www.rcsb.org/pd b/101/static101.do?p= education_discussion/ educational_resources/ index.html#PostersExhibits AP Biology http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/ protein.html Building Proteins http://www.phschool.com/ atschool/phsciexp/active_ art/protein_synthesis/inde x.html 2013-2014 Proteins do all the work! proteins cells DNA AP Biology organism Repeat after me… Proteins do all the work! http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/proteinmodification/ movie-flash.htm Cells functions Building proteins read DNA instructions build proteins process proteins folding modifying removing amino acids adding other molecules AP Biology e.g, making glycoproteins for cell membrane address & transport proteins Building Proteins Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles The Protein Assembly Line nucleus AP Biology ribosome ER Golgi apparatus vesicles http://www.biostudio.com/demo_fre eman_dna_coiling.htm Nucleus Function DNA chromosome protects DNA Structure histone protein nuclear envelope http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=gbSIBhFwQ4s double membrane membrane fused in spots to create pores allows large macromolecules to pass through nuclear pores What kind of molecules need to pass through? AP Biology nuclear pore nucleolus nuclear envelope DNA Wrapping AP Biology DNA Packaging AP Biology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZa IvS0&feature=related 1 nuclear membrane http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9ArIJWYZHI production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus DNA Build RNA Nucleus mRNA http://www.dnalc.org/view/15889-RNApolymerase-game-interactive-2D-animation.html http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/12-transcription-basic.html 2 nuclear pore mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore http://www.dnalc.org/view/15481-Translation-RNA-toAP Biology protein-3D-animation-with-no-audio.html small ribosomal subunit mRNA large ribosomal subunit cytoplasm What kind of molecules pass through the pore? AP Biology Nucleolus Function ribosome production build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes large subunit small subunit AP Biology rRNA & proteins ribosome nucleolus Ribosomes large subunit Function small subunit protein production Structure rRNA & protein 2 subunits combine 0.08mm Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER AP Biology Types of Ribosomes Free ribosomes suspended in cytosol synthesize proteins that function in cytosol Bound ribosomes AP Biology attached to endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins for export or for membranes membrane proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum Function processes proteins manufactures membranes synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds Structure AP Biology membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell Types of ER rough AP Biology smooth Smooth ER function Membrane production Many metabolic processes synthesis synthesize lipids oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones hydrolysis hydrolyze glycogen into glucose in liver detoxify drugs & poisons in liver ex. alcohol & barbiturates AP Biology Membrane Factory Build new membrane synthesize phospholipids builds membranes ER membrane expands bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes AP Biology Rough ER function Produce proteins for export out of cell protein secreting cells packaged into transport vesicles for export Which cells have lot of rough ER? AP Biology Build a protein http://www.dnalc.org/view/15890-Ribosomegame-interactive-2D-animation.html Synthesizing proteins cisternal space polypeptide signal sequence ribosome ribosome mRNA membrane of endoplasmic reticulum http://www.dnalc.org/view/15481-TranslationAP Biology RNA-to-protein-3D-animation-with-no-audio.html cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus Function finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products like “UPS shipping department” ships products in vesicles membrane sacs Which cells have lots of Golgi? secretory vesicles “UPS trucks” transport vesicles AP Biology http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animati ons/content/vesiclebudding.html Golgi Apparatus AP Biology http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_P ages/011--Golgi%20Complex.htm http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapte r2/animation__lysosomes.html Vesicle transport protein vesicle budding from rough ER migrating transport vesicle ribosome http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/ 011--Golgi%20Complex.htm AP Biology fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus Vesicles AP Biology endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: finished protein protein You should be able to label each step. Golgi apparatus Making Proteins Regents Biology Putting it together… nucleus nuclear pore Making proteins cell membrane protein secreted rough ER ribosome proteins smooth ER AP Biology transport vesicle cytoplasm vesicle Describe “making proteins”? Golgi apparatus Where old organelles go to die! Lysosomes Function little “stomach” of the cell digests macromolecules “clean up crew” of the cell cleans up broken down organelles Structure vesicles of digestive enzymes synthesized by rER, transferred to Golgi AP Biology only in animal cells Lysosomes 1960 | 1974 white blood cells attack & destroy invaders = digest them in lysosomes AP Biology 1974 Nobel prize: Christian de Duve Lysosomes discovery in 1960s http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olc/dl/120067/bio01.swf http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapte r2/animation__lysosomes.html Cellular digestion Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles polymers digested into monomers pass to cytosol to become nutrients of cell vacuole lyso– = breaking things apart AP Biology –some = body http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguid e/unit4/innate/acidification_phagosome.html Lysosomal enzymes Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5 http://highered.mcgraworganelle creates custom pH hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::5 35::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068 how? /bio05.swf::Proton%20Pump proteins in lysosomal membrane pump H+ ions from the cytosol into lysosome why? enzymes are very sensitive to pH why? enzymes are proteins — pH affects structure why evolve digestive enzymes which function at pH different from cytosol? digestive enzymes won’t function well if some leak into cytosol = don’t want to digest yourself! AP Biology When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function lysosomal storage diseases more than 40 known diseases Mutation in: hexosaminidase example: A, (helps break Tay-Sachs disease down gangliosides) build up undigested AP Biology fat in brain cells (autosomal rec) Lysosomal storage diseases Lipids Gaucher’s disease Niemann-Pick disease Tay Sachs http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=WbUpMBHioT8 Glycogen & other polysaccharides Farber disease Krabbe disease Proteins AP Biology Schindler’s disease Niemann-Pick Disease Lysosomal storage diseases Gaucher’s -autosomal recessive disorder -deficiency of glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycolipid glucocerebroside ceramide + glucose AP Biology Lysosomal storage disease Hepatosplenomegaly courtesy of The National MPS Society, Inc. http://www.lysosomallearning.com/heal thcare/about/lsd_hc_abt_niemann.asp AP Biology But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed some cells have to die for proper development in an organism apoptosis “auto-destruct” process lysosomes break open & kill cell ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development AP Biology Fetal development syndactyly 6 weeks 15 weeks AP Biology Apoptosis programmed destruction of cells in multicellular organisms programmed development control of cell growth example: if cell grows uncontrollably this self-destruct mechanism is triggered to remove damaged cell cancer must over-ride this to enable tumor growth AP Biology AP Biology AP Biology Any Questions!! AP Biology 2013-2014