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Transcript
5/29/2008 May 29th, 2008 Biochemistry Recitation MBioS 303 Summer 2008 Outline Oxidation and Reduction Glycolysis Aerobic vs. anaerobic metabolism TCA Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Q Cycle ATP Synthase 1 5/29/2008 Oxidation and Reduction What are Oxidation and Reduction? Oxidation: Loss of electrons Reduction: Gain of electrons Redox reactions are always paired! Aox Box Ared Bred Aox + Bred Ared + Box 2 5/29/2008 Is it Oxidation or Reduction? How can you tell if an organic molecule has been oxidized or reduced? If it gains oxygen/loses hydrogen it has been oxidized! If it loses oxygen/gains hydrogen it has been reduced! At each step shown below, has the molecule been oxidized or reduced? 2 e- + 2 H+ H2O Examples 1 NAD+ NADH 2 NAD+ NADH 3 NADH NAD+ 3 5/29/2008 Reduction Potential The tendency of a species to acquire electrons, becoming reduced. A more positive number = a higher reduction potential A more negative number = a lower reduction potential EX. Fe-S Clusters in Complex I of the ETC N1-a: -0.380 V e- transfer N-4: -0.250 V e- transfer N-2: -0.100 V Glycolysis 4 5/29/2008 Where Does Glycolysis Occur? http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image152.gif Where Does Glycolysis Occur? http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/illpres/ 5 5/29/2008 Glycolysis (glyco = sugar; lysis = breaking) OVERALL REACTION: Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O Preparatory Phase: must input two ATP molecules Payoff Phase: generate 4 ATP molecules, 2 NADH Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase ΔG = -33.4 kJ/mol ΔG = -22.2 kJ/mol 6 5/29/2008 Glycolysis: Payoff Phase ΔG = -16.7 kJ/mol Fates of Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA to Citric Acid Cycle (aerobic conditions) Ethanol or Lactate (anaerobic conditions) NO ATP IS MADE – WHY DO THIS? 7 5/29/2008 Glycolysis: Payoff Phase TCA Cycle 8 5/29/2008 Where Does the TCA Cycle Occur? http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image152.gif Where Does the TCA Cycle Occur? Molecular Cell Biology, 4 th Ed. 9 5/29/2008 The TCA Cycle Located in inner mitochondrial membrane Succinate Dehydrogenase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SuccDeh.svg 10 5/29/2008 Oxidative Phosphorylation Where Does OxPhos Occur? http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image152.gif 11 5/29/2008 Where Does OxPhos Occur? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain%E2%80%94Etc4.svg Why Do Oxidative Phosphorylation? What is the goal of this metabolic process? Use energy stored in reduced electron carriers to make ATP! Harness energy in electron carriers to generate a proton gradient Energy in proton gradient used to make ATP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ETC.PNG 12 5/29/2008 The Q Cycle 2 Step Process Needed to convert between 2 electron carrier (Coenzyme Q) and 1 electron carrier (Cytochrome c) Biochemistry, 5 th Ed. The Q Cycle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Complex_III.png 13 5/29/2008 Electron Flow Through ETC Molecular Cell Biology, 4th Ed. ATP Synthase http://www.dnatube.com/view_video2.php?viewkey=404a45ecacaaf05e5f73 http://www.biologie.uni-osnabrueck.de/Biophysik/Bilder_und_Filme/MOV/ATPase-e-RV-low.mov http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/f1fo.htm http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2005/Carlson/ATP%20Synthase1.html 14 5/29/2008 Total ATP Generation QUIZ TIME! 15