Download Cell Benchmark Study Guide 2013

Cell Benchmark Study Guide 2013-­‐2014 KEY All answers in RED Biochemistry: Macromolecules and Enzymes (pages 25-­‐68) -­‐ Know all concepts and vocabulary on the unit cover page (pg. 25) Practice Questions: 1) Define the word enzyme: a special protein that speeds up chemical reactions; also known as a biological catalyst 2) What do enzymes do to chemical reactions? Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions, or “speed them up” 3) Name two ways an enzyme’s function can be inhibited (stopped) or slowed down: A change in temperature (hot/cold or a change in pH (acid/base) 4) Recall the enzyme lab you performed in November. You spit into a test tube to obtain the enzyme amylase from your mouth. Amylase converts the starch in foods you eat like corn or potatoes into a smaller sugar called maltose. You exposed your amylase to two environmental conditions: heat and a low/acidic pH, as well as leaving one tube alone, serving as the control group. a. Did the tube that you added heat to work? Why or why not? No it didn’t work because heat can denature, (change the shape) of an enzyme, which destroys it. b. Did the tube that you added an acid to work? Why or why not? No it didn’t work because acids can denature, (change the shape) of an enzyme, which destroys it. c. Did your control group work? Why or why not? Yes, the control group worked because it represented the enzyme’s normal activity inside our body. It also was not exposed to heat or a change in pH. d. Hypothesize what might happen to a tube exposed to a very cold temperature: Cold temperatures do not change the shape of enzymes, but do make chemical reactions go much, much slower. Therefore, the reaction would probably happen eventually, but would take a longer amount of time. e. Hypothesize what might happen to a tube exposed to a basic/high pH: A high pH can destroy an enzyme just like a low pH can, so if the amylase were exposed to a base then the reaction would not work. 5) Review all of page 64 in your workbook (these are similar to some test questions) 6) The pH scale: a. A “low” pH of 0-­‐6.9 is called: acidic / acids b. A pH of exactly 7 is called: neutral c. A “high” pH of 7.1-­‐14 is called: basic / bases 7) Define monomer: A monomer is one unit, or building block, of a macromolecule. (Think of a monomer like a lego – it’s used along with other legos to build something bigger) 8) Complete the table below about the main four macromolecules found in living things: Macromolecule Lipids (Fats) Carbohydrates (Sugars) Proteins Monomer(s) Fatty acids and Glycerol Monosaccharides are the smallest, but there’s also disaccharides and polysaccharides. Ex: Polysaccharides are made of many Monosaccharides. Amino Acids Function(s) To store energy long-­‐term For quick energy usage – and in plants it also builds structures Makes up your muscles, hair, and skin. Can help speed up reactions (enzymes), transport substances, and make hormones. To store and transmit genetic information Nucleic Acids Nucleotides (DNA and RNA) 9) Complete table below of important prefixes, suffixes, and root words found in this unit’s scientific vocabulary: Uni-­‐ one Poly-­‐ Many Mono-­‐ One Tri-­‐ Three Di-­‐ Two saccharide Sugar Bi-­‐ Two photo Light Multi-­‐ Many -­‐ase A type of enzyme Bio-­‐ life -­‐ose A type of sugar Cell Basics and Cell Transport (pages 69-­‐116) -­‐ Know all concepts and vocabulary on cover page (pg 69) Practice Questions: 1) What are the three principles of the cell theory? 1) All living things are made of one or more cells 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3) Cells can only come from preexisting cells 2) For the following descriptions, write PROK if true of prokaryotes only, write EUK if true of eukaryotes only, and write BOTH if true about both types of cells. a. Can be multicellular: EUK b. Can be unicellular: BOTH c.
Bacteria: PROK d. Plants and Animals: EUK e. Has a nucleus: EUK f.
Does NOT have membrane-­‐bound organelles: PROK g. Has an endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and golgi apparatus: EUK 3) Name the three structures found in a plant cell that are NOT present inside an animal cell: A chloroplast, cell wall, and large central vacuole are found in plant cells only. 4) Complete the flow chart below describing protein synthesis in the cell (*hint – think about the skit performed in class and look at page 96) 1. Nucleus Hold’s the cells DNA, which has instructions for making proteins 2. Ribosome Puts proteins together 3. E.R. Tags and Modifies the Proteins 4. Vesicle Transports the proteins for where they need to go (delivery truck) 5. Golgi Apparatus Packages and sorts proteins into vesicles for where they need to go (like a post office!) 6. Vesicle Delivers the proteins to their final destination (delivery truck) 5) Review all of page 97 in your workbook (these problems are similar to some test questions) 6) Name the two jobs of the cell membrane: Hydrophilic 1) To regulate what enters and exits 2) To provide protection and support 7) What is the cell membrane made of? A phospholipid bilayer Hydrophobic 8) Draw one singular phospholipid in the box at right: Label it with the following words: -­‐ Head -­‐ hydrophobic -­‐ Tail -­‐ hydrophilic 9) What quality of the cell membrane allows some substances to come in, but blocks others out? The cell membrane is semi-­‐permeable. 10) The picture at right shows a cell with substances that can simply diffuse across the membrane. Describe what will happen over time: Over time some of the oxygen molecules will diffuse INTO the cell from high concentration outside to low concentration inside. The carbon dioxide molecules will diffuse OUT of the cell, this time from high concentration inside to low concentration outside. 11) Complete the table below by putting a check in the box of each type of cell transport that applies to the situation: (the 1st is done for you) Situation: Simple Diffusion / Facilitated Diffusion / Active Transport Passive Transport Transport ✓ ✓ Moves substances from high concentration to low concentration: ✓ ✓ Requires a membrane protein: ✓ Includes a special type of transport for water only, called osmosis: ✓ Requires ATP energy: ✓ Moves substances from low concentration to high concentration: Cell Energy (pages 117-­‐152) -­‐ Know all concepts and vocabulary on cover page (pg 117) Practice Questions: 1) In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? chloroplast 2) In what organelle does cellular respiration take place? Mitochondrion 3) The following shows the chemical reaction of photosynthesis. Underneath each chemical formula write the chemical name: Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight + Carbon Dioxide Water à Glucose + Oxygen 4) The following shows the chemical reaction of cellular respiration. Underneath each chemical formula write the chemical name: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP à + Glucose Oxygen à + Carbon Dioxide + Water 36 ATP 5) The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the __thylakoid membranes____ of a chloroplast. 6) The light independent reactions, aka “The Calvin Cycle”, occur in the ___stroma___ of a chloroplast. 7) Use your flipbook to complete the table about diagram shown at right: A B C D E F G Water (6H2O) Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) Light Dependent Reactions (Thylakoids) Calvin Cycle (Stroma) Oxygen Gas (6O2) Glucose (C6H12O6) Chloroplast 8) Fill in the blanks with these words: Mitochondrion / O2 (used twice) / Chloroplast / CO2 / ATP Plants take in __CO2__ from the atmosphere to create glucose in the process of photosynthesis. This process happens inside the ____chloroplast__ of a plant cell. _ O2__ is a waste product of photosynthesis, but although the plant releases a lot back to the atmosphere, it shuttles some over to the ____mitochondria____, where cellular respiration occurs. The plant uses this ____ O2____ to then break down the bonds in glucose to make __ATP___, which is energy the cell can quickly use. 9) Which organelle is responsible for releasing energy from food? ___Mitochondria____ 10) Draw and label molecule of ATP in the box at right: 11) Name two ways ATP and ADP are different. 1) ADP has only two phosphates and ATP has three 2) ADP is the uncharged battery of the cell, whereas ATP is fully charged and ready to go! 12) Use the words STORE and RELEASE to complete the sentence: When sugar is broken down in the mitochondrion, a phosphate group is added to ADP to __STORE____ energy as ATP. Then, when the cell needs energy, it breaks the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group to __RELEASE__ energy.