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Mid-Term Review Measurement/Metrics Liquid volume is measured with a graduated cylinder Distance is measured with a ruler/meter stick Mass is measured with the triple beam balance Scientific Method Independent variable: The If of the If, then. It is the part of the experiment that is changed. Dependent variable: the then of the If, then. It is the result of the change. Scientific Method Experimental group: An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. Control: The part of the experiment that is does not have the variable added to it. Lab Safety The most important safety rule is to wear goggles. Living Things Homeostasis: regulation of an organism’s internal lifemaintaining conditions It refers to a cell's home state––the way it wants to be, and should be if everything that regulates the cell is working. Living Things Characteristics of Living Things: 1. Growth and development 2. Adapt to the environment 3. Reproduce 4. Energy 5. Made of cells 6. Respond to stimulus Living Things Stimulus: anything that causes a change in an organism Response: the reaction to the stimulus is called the response Cells Prokaryote: single celled organism, no true nucleus, no membrane bound organelles Eukaryote: cells that contain organelles Cells Nucleus: the brain of the cell, it controls all activities Cell membrane: controls what goes in and out of the cell Golgi bodies: packages and transports Cells Lysosome: breaks down dead/used cell parts Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell Ribosome: creates protein Cells Endoplasmic reticulum: helps transport materials throughout the cell Cytoplasm: clear, jelly-like substance that contains organelles Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll, photosynthesis takes place here Cells Vacuole: stores water and food materials Nuclear membrane: the outer covering of the nucleus Nucleolus: helps to produce ribosomes Cells Cells tissues organs system organism photosynthesis The process in which plants make food Raw materials: Carbon dioxide, water, energy Products: glucose and oxygen Cellular respiration The process in which chemical reactions break down food molecules into simpler substances and release stored energy Raw materials: glucose and oxygen Products: Carbon dioxide, water, energy fermentation Takes place in the cytoplasm Production of energy without oxygen Lactic acid is built up Fermentation Bacteria: make lactic acid which is used to produce yogurt and cheese. Yeast: uses fermentation to break down glucose in bread dough. It also produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. Animals (us): This process produces much lower amounts of energy and it results in the build up of lactic acid. Passive Transport Does not require energy High to low concentration Osmosis: movement of water Diffusion: movement of other molecules Facilitated diffusion: Uses transport proteins Active transport • Requires energy • Uses a transport protein Endocytosis: process of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane. This creates a vacuole Exocytosis: releasing the contents of a vesicle/vacuole out of the cell. (opposite of endocytosis) Reproduction Sexual reproduction: Reproduction involving 2 parents; sperm and egg Asexual reproduction: Reproduction involving 1 parent; The hereditary material is identical reproduction Budding: a new organism grows from the body of the parent organism Binary Fission: one-celled bacterium without a nucleus copies its genetic information and then divides into 2 identical cells Regeneration: if an organism breaks into pieces, a whole new organism can grow mitosis How body cells reproduce. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Body cells 2 cells are produced They are diploid meiosis How sex cells are made. Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II. Sex cells go through meiosis 4 cells are produced They are haploid meiosis Interphase and cytokinesis Interphase: chromosomes are copied Cytokinesis: when the 2 cells actually split a part Mitosis/meiosis Interphase and cytokinesis are the 2 additional parts of the cell cycle that are NOT part of mitosis/meiosis. Genes/Heredity Mutation: the permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell; may be beneficial, harmful or have little effect on an organism Autotroph: makes its own food Heterotroph: cannot make its own food DNA Complimentary strand of DNA: A-T C-G (adenine-thymine) AACCGGTTAC TTGGCCAATG (cytosine-guanine) RNA rRNA: makes up the ribosomes tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosomes to build proteins mRNA: carries the code for the order in which the amino acids bond