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Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis Ria, Robin, Clayton, Candace and Brittany Glycolysis ● The first step to cellular respiration where sugar is broken down ● First 10 reactions of cellular respiration ● 6-carbon sugar (glucose) is broken down into two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvic acid) ● All these reactions occur in the cytoplasm ● Each step is catalysed by a specific enzyme ● Anaerobic respirations occur here which doesn't require oxygen ● Only converts 2.1% of free energy available in 1 mol glucose into ATP during glycolysis alone ● Some energy is released as heat but most is trapped in 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH ● Earliest form of energy metabolism ● All organisms carry out glycolysis as either their only source of ATP or as the 1st part of a more elaborate and productive energy yielding process General Equation glucose + 2 ADP + Pi + 2 NAD -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2(NADH + H) Energy yield 4 ATP produced 2 ATP used 2 ATP produced net (used immediately) 2 NADH produced (further used to obtain more ATP) Investment Energy is invested to be recouped later -Phase 1 consists of steps 1-5 1)Glucose--->Glucose 6-phosphate: One ATP is transferred into ADP. 2)Glucose 6-phosphate--->Fructose 6-phosphate 3)Fructose 6-phosphate--->Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate: Another ATP is needed to produce one ADP 4/5)Fructose 1, 6-phosphate--->dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) + Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). - DHAP is then converted to another G3p. This results in the production on 2G3p. 1-5)Two moles of ATP are consumed for each mole of glucose Division 6-Carbon Sugar is broken into 2 3-Carbon Sugars Phase 2 consists of the 6th step. 6)2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)--->2 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) -Two G3p are converted into two BPG -During this, hydrogen atoms reduce NAD+ to NADH so that NADH can continue into the krebs cycle and ETC to produce more ATP. -If the ETC stops then NADH is transferred to pyruvate. This produces lactate acetylalcohol but less carbon dioxide. -This step breaks the process of glycolysis into two separate chains. In each chain the same reactions occur. Return Energy Generation Phase 3 consists of steps 7-10 7) 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)--->3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) -During this step, one ADP is converted to one ATP because of a high energy phosphate group (Pi). 8)3-phosphoglycerate(3PG)--->2-phosphoglycerate(2PG) 9)2-phosphoglycerate(2PG)--->phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) -This occurs by removing the H2O molecule in 2PG 10)phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)--->Pyruvate -A high energy phosphate group on PEP phosphorylates ADP to ATP -Within the return phase of glycolysis 4 ATP are produced -Additional ATP may be obtained with further processing of the pyruvate and NADH during aerobic respiration in later stages Anaerobic Respiration ● Anaerobics respiration follows the glycolysis pathway ● Doesn't require Oxygen to produce ATP ● Produces less ATP/glucose molecule than aerobic ● Inefficient in energy production when compared to aerobic ● Produces CO2, Lactic Acid, and 2 ATP Starting with glucose (six carbons) how many ATP are made using anaerobic glycolysis? Step ATP (used-) (produced+) 1 -1 3 -1 5 - NADH to pyruvic acid to lactic acid. E.T.C. not used 0 6 used twice 1 x 2 = +2 9 used twice 1 x 2 = +2 NET +2 More ATP can be produced by aerobic respiration which is the result of further processing of the pyruvate and NADH in the later stages of cellular respiration. Discussion questions... 1. Where is ATP used/ produced in glycolysis and how much? 2. Where does glycolysis happen? 3. What are the three main stages of glycolysis? And what happens in each? 4. How does each type of respiration relate to glycolysis?