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Download Pre AP - Applications of Genetics Notes Incomplete dominance and
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Pre AP - Applications of Genetics Notes Incomplete dominance and Codominance When one allele is NOT completely ____________ over another (they ______) – ___________________ Example: In carnations the color red (R) is incompletely dominant over white (r). The hybrid color is pink. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio from a cross between 2 pink flowers. _____ X _____ RR = red rr = white Genotypic = Rr = pink ______ : ______ : ______ Phenotypic = _______ : ________ : _________ When _______ alleles are _____________ – ___________________ Example: In certain species of chickens black feathers (FB) are codominant with white feathers (FW). Heterozygous chickens have black and white speckled feathers. Show the F1 from crossing 2 hybrid chickens. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio. FBFB = black FWFW = white FBFW = speckled _________ X _________ Genotypic = __________ : __________ : __________ Phenotypic = _________ : ______________ : _________ Sex – linked Traits ________ for these ________ are located ______ on the ___ chromosome (NOT on the Y chromosome) X linked alleles _________ show up in _________ whether _______________ or ______________ because males have only ______ X chromosome 1 Examples of _____________ sex-linked disorders: 1. ___________________ – inability to distinguish between certain colors (most common red/green) 2. ___________________ – blood won’t clot (blood clotting factor VIII defective) 3. __________________________________ --wasting away of skeletal muscles Example: A female that has normal vision but is a carrier for colorblindness marries a male with normal vision. Give the expected phenotypes of their children. N = normal vision n = colorblindness ________ X _________ Phenotype: ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Pedigrees ____________ representation of how a ________ is passed from parents to ________________ Tips for making a pedigree 1. __________ are for females 2. __________ are for males 3. _______________ ________ connecting a male and a female represent a ______________ 4. _____________ ________ and _____________ connect parent to offspring 5. A ____________ circle or square indicates a person _____ the trait 6. A circle or square ______ ___________ represents an individual who does NOT have the trait 7. __________ shade indicates a ___________ – someone who is _________________ for the trait Example: Make a pedigree chart for the following couple. Dana is color blind; her husband Jeff is not. They have two boys and two girls. HINT: colorblindness is a recessive sex-linked trait ______ Has trait ______ Can pass trait 2 to offspring Multiple Alleles ___ ___ _______ ___________ of the ________ gene that code for a _________ trait In humans, _________ ______ is determined by 3 alleles – ____, ____, and ____ BUT genes come in pairs, so each human can only ________ ___ alleles 1. Codominant – _________________ Recessive – __________ 2. Blood type – A = B= AB = O= Example: A woman homozygous for type B blood marries a man who is heterozygous type A. What will be the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children? _____ X _____ Genotypic = ____________ : ____________ Phenotypic = _________ : __________ Blood types used for paternity and crime scene investigations before DNA evidence Polygenic Inheritance Effect of _________________________________ on a single phenotypic characteristic Examples: ____________________________________________________________________ Skin color: dark is dominant to light, genes are not linked Ex: aabbcc = very light AABBCC = very dark AaBbCc = AABbcc = Disorders that are polygenic: ___________________________________________________ 3 Mutations Mutation – sudden ___________ _________ (change in ______ pair sequence of ______) Can be : ____________ mutations – organism ______ ______ to survive: genetic disorders, cancer, death 5-8 genes in humans results in death – lethal mutation ____________ mutations – allows organism to _______ ________: provides __________ ___________ ____________ mutations – __________ harmful nor helpful to organism Mutations can occur in 2 ways: _________________ mutation or __________________ mutation Only mutations in ____ _________ are passed from parent to ______________________ Chromosomal mutation: ______ ___________ than a gene mutation more __________ – affects entire _______________, so affects _______ ________ rather than just one caused by failure of the _______________ chromosomes to ____________ normally during __________ ___________________________ no longer look the same – too few or too many genes, different shape Examples: _________ syndrome – (Trisomy 21) ____ chromosomes, extra chromosome at pair ______ _____________ syndrome – only ____ chromosomes, missing a _____ chromosome (X) __________________ syndrome – ____ chromosomes, _______ ____ chromosomes (XXY) Gene or Point Mutation _______ __________ and ________ ____________ usually only ______ ________ is altered Examples: Recessive gene mutations: ________ ______ _________ – ______ ________ _______ are sickle shaped instead of round and get stuck in the blood vessels – can cut off blood supply to organs – heterozygous condition protects people from _____________ ___________ __________ – __________ clogs lungs, liver and pancreas _______________ ___________ – deterioration of the ___________ ___________ – early death _____________________(PKU) – an _______ _____ common in ______ cannot be broken down and as it builds up it causes _________ ____________ – newborns are tested for this Dominant gene mutations: _______________ __________ – gradual _______________ of ________ _________, shows up in _________ _____ and is _______ _______________ – variety of ____________ abnormalities 4