Download BLA Biology (2016-17)

BLA Biology (2016-17)
Week 21
COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG. 16
Ch. 6 Human Homeostasis: Health & Disease (explore & explain)
Date: 2.6.17
Topic(s) – The Immune System (Day 1)
Objective: SWBAT follow power point lecture on the Immune System and take down notes
related to steps in an immune response
COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG. 15
HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET
Read Essay Self and Nonself and complete related wksht.
Do Now: Write everything you know or think you know about the immune system
CW: Immune system (Day 1) pp and notes
Exit Ticket: Watch Bozeman Video on the Immune System and take down
noteshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3M0vU3Dv8E
Body of Lesson: (DO NOT HAVE TO COPY)
1) DN & DN Debrief 2) Immune System pp (Day 1)
3) Exit ticket
Immunity
–The ability of the body to fight
infection and/or foreign invaders by
producing antibodies or killing
infected cells.
Immune System
–The system responsible for
maintaining homeostasis by
recognizing self from non-self
Pathogens
–Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites
that causes disease.
Antigens
-Any foreign substance, usually a
protein, that stimulates the body's
immune system to respond.
Parts of the Immune System
1. Blood - White Blood Cells
1. Lymph nodes
1. Thymus Gland
– Produces T Cells
4. Bone Marrow – Produces B Cells
How does the body fight
infection/foreign invaders?
The Body’s 3 lines of Defense
1. The Skin (non-specific)
• Provides Physical and Chemical
barriers
• Physical – hard to penetrate, made of
indigestible keratin
• Chemical – tears, sweat
The First Line of Defense
~Skin~
- The dead, outer
layer of skin, known
as the epidermis,
forms a shield
against invaders and
secretes chemicals
that kill potential
invaders
- You shed between
40 – 50 thousand
skin cells every day!
The First Line of Defense
~Mucus and Cilia~
- As you breathe in,
foreign particles and
bacteria bump into
mucus throughout your
respiratory system and
become stuck
- Hair-like structures
called cilia sweep this
mucus into the throat
for coughing or
swallowing
Don’t swallowed bacteria have a
good chance of infecting you?
The First Line of Defense
~Saliva~
What’s the first thing you do when you cut
your finger?
- Saliva contains many
chemicals that break down
bacteria
- Thousands of different types
of bacteria can survive these
chemicals, however
The First Line of Defense
~Stomach Acid~
- Swallowed bacteria are
broken down by incredibly
strong acids in the stomach
that break down your food
- The stomach must produce a
coating of special mucus or
this acid would eat through
the stomach!
2. Nonspecific Immune Response
Not Specific for Pathogen:
– Macrophages: cells that travels to all areas
of the body to find and eat pathogens
– Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
– Inflammation - caused by release of
Histamine from WBCs
– Fever – caused by histamines. The fever
(high temp) kill or decrease growth of
pathogens.
The Second Line of Defense
~White Blood Cells~
- If invaders actually
get within the body,
then your white
blood cells (WBCs)
begin their attack
- WBCs normally
circulate throughout
the blood, but will
enter the body’s
tissues if invaders
are detected
Video
White Blood Cells
~Phagocytes~
• These white blood cells are
responsible for eating
foreign particles by
engulfing them
• Once engulfed, the
phagocyte breaks the
foreign particles apart in
organelles called ________
Lysosomes
Where could invaders hide from
phagocytes?
Viruses
Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and
turn the cell into a virus making-factory. The cell
will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses
to infect new cells.
Cell before infection…
…and after.
The Second Line of Defense
~Interferon~
- Virus-infected body
cells release
interferon when an
invasion occurs
- Interferon – chemical
that interferes with the
ability to viruses to
attack other body cells
What happens to already
infected cells?
White Blood Cells
~T-Cells~
• T-Cells, often called
“natural killer” cells,
recognize infected human
cells and cancer cells
• T-cells will attack these
infected cells, quickly kill
them, and then continue to
search for more cells to kill
The Second Line of Defense
~The Inflammatory Response~
- Injured body cells release
chemicals called
histamines, which begin
inflammatory response
- Capillaries dilate
- Pyrogens released, reach
hypothalamus, and
temperature rises
- Pain receptors activate
- WBCs flock to infected area
like sharks to blood
COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG. 18
Date: 2.7.17 & 2.8.17
Ch. 6 Human Homeostasis: Health & Disease (explore & explain)
Topic(s) – The Immune System (Day 2 & 3)
Objective: SWBAT 1) continue taking down notes related to steps in an immune response
2) Learn about passive & active immunity, vaccinations & autoimmune disorders/diseases
3) Watch the video How the body fights the flu and relate with immune system notes.
COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG. 17
HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET
Follow directions and complete a rough draft for the RAFT assignment
(Refer Essays Immune System Memory, Avoiding Disruptions and class notes on Immune
system)
Do Now: What is passive & active immunity?
Define autoimmune disease. Give one example.
CW: Immune system (Day 2); How the body fights the flu video
Exit Ticket**: Summarize everything you learnt today in 5-7 sentences.
Body of Lesson: (DO NOT HAVE TO COPY)
1) DN & DN Debrief 2) Immune System pp (Day 2)
3) Flu video 4) Exit ticket
3. Specific Immune Response
This is a specific response to a specific
pathogen/antigen.
• The response involves the creation of
Antibodies and killer T-cells
Antibodies
• Produced by B-Cells
• Function: Recognize antigens, bind to
pathogen and deactivate them.
The Pathway of Specific Immune Response
Step 1
Pathogens eaten by Macrophage
Step 2
Macrophage
Displays antigen on
surface
Pathogens
Step 3
Helper-T cell
recognizes
Pathogen antigen
Step 4: 1. Activates Cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells (Cell
mediated response) 2. Activates B Cell to produce antibodies
(antibody mediated response)
Memory T-Cell
Memory B-Cell
Antibodies
Kills Infected Cells
Step 5: Creates Memory B & T Cells
Cellular Immunity
• Carried out by TCells
• Infected cells are
killed by Cytotoxic
T –Cells
Antibody or
Humoral Immunity
• Carried out by Bcells
• Antibodies are
produced and
released into blood
stream
• Antibodies bind to
antigens and
deactivate them
Immune Response Explained
1.
2.
Antigen infects cells.
Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its
surface.
3. Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the
macrophage and becomes active.
4. Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells.
5. Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and
Memory T – Cells.
6. Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells.
7. At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and
Memory B- Cells.
8. Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen.
9. Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed
up the response if the same antigen reappears.
10. Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all
antigens have been destroyed.
Immune Response Summary
Displays copy of antigen
on surface of cell
Antigen
Macrophage
Helper T - Cell
Cellular Immunity
Antibody Immunity
Active Cytotoxic T-Cell
Kills Infected Cells
Memory T- Cell
Active B - Cell
Plasma Cell
Antibodies
Deactivates Antigens
Memory B-Cell
• Primary Immune Response
– This is a response to an invader the First time
the invader infects the body.
• No measurable immune response for first few days.
• Next 10 – 15 days antibody production grows
steadily
• Secondary Immune Response
– A more rapid response to an invader the 2nd
time it invades the body due to memory cells.
• Antibody production increases dramatically and in a
much shorter time period.
What is immunity?
- Resistance to a disease causing organism or
harmful substance
- Two types
- Active Immunity
- Passive Immunity
Immunity
New particles take longer to
identify, and a person remains
ill until a new antibody can be
crafted
Old particles are quickly
recognized, and a person may
never become ill from that
invader again. This person is
now immune.
Active Immunity
- You produce the antibodies
- Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the
past either through:
- Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You
fought it, you won, you remember it
- Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been
killed or weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and
remember it
What is this second type of exposure
called?
Passive Immunity
• You don’t produce the
antibodies
– A mother will pass
immunities on to her baby
during pregnancy - through
what organ? Placenta
– These antibodies will protect
the baby for a short period of
time following birth while its
immune system develops.
What endocrine gland is
responsible for this? Thymus
– Lasts until antibodies die
Vaccination: An injection of an antigen from
a pathogen that causes the body to
produce antibodies and create memory
cells.
Vaccine
• Antigens are deliberately introduced into the
immune system to produce immunity
• Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened,
minimal symptoms occur
• Have eradicated or severely limited several
diseases from the face of the Earth, such as polio
and smallpox
How long does active immunity last?
• It depends on the antigen
• Some pathogens multiply into
new forms that our body
doesn’t recognize, requiring
annual vaccinations, like the
flu shot
• Booster shot - reminds the
immune system of the antigen
• Others last for a lifetime, such
as chicken pox
Think the flu is no big deal?
- Think again…
- In 1918, a particularly
deadly strain of flu,
called the Spanish
Influenza, spread across
the globe
- It infected 20% of the
human population and
killed 5%, which came
out to be about 100
million people
Do we get all the possible vaccines
we can?
• Although the Center for
Disease Control (CDC)
recommends certain vaccines,
many individuals go without
them
• Those especially susceptible
include travelers and students
• Consider the vaccine for
meningitis, which is
recommended for all college
students and infects 3,000
people in the U.S., killing 300
annually
Link
Autoimmune Disease
• Autoimmune diseases are diseases where the
immune system begins to attack itself.
– Ex:
• Rheumatoid Arthritis – crippling disease of the
joints.
• Lupus – disease of blood and organs.
• Multiple Sclerosis – disease of nervous
system
• Cause(s): unknown / genetic component
• Cures/Treatments: No known cures. Usually
treated with immunosuppressive drugs.
Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• Caused by the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
• Discovered in 1983
• Specifically targets and kills
T-cells
• Because normal body cells are
unaffected, immune response
is not launched
AIDS
~The Modern Plague~
- The HIV virus doesn’t kill
you – it cripples your
immune system
- With your immune system
shut down, common diseases
that your immune system
normally could defeat
become life-threatening
- Can show no effects for
several months all the way
up to 10 years
• Transmitted by sexual contact, blood transfusions,
contaminated needles
~The Silent Spread~ • As of 2014, there are approximately 36.9 million
people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS (WHO)
AIDS
Self and non-Self: Human Blood Types
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease: A response in which
antibodies are produced to attack body’s own
cell.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7O78Lv
rNSQ
Immune Disorders
~Allergies~
- Immune system mistakenly
recognizes harmless foreign
particles as serious threats
- Launches immune response,
which causes sneezing, runny
nose, and watery eyes
- Anti-histamines block effect of
histamines and bring relief to
allergy sufferers
Allergy
- An inappropriate response by the
immune system to an non-harmful
antigen.
ex: dust, pollen, mold, food, insect stings
What happens during an allergic reaction?
During an allergic reaction antibodies cause
histamines to be released from certain cells.
Histamines cause:
a. Swelling of tissues
b. Release of fluids (runny noses and eyes)
c. muscle spasms (some cases)
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock:
This is the sudden and severe allergic
reaction to a substance that can cause
death.
Treatments for Allergies
1. Avoidance of material – especially food.
2. Epinephrine – “epi – pen”
3. Antihistamines -- benadryl
COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG.
Snow Day!!!!
Topic(s)
Objective: SWBAT
COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG.
HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET
Do Now:
CW:
Exit Ticket
Body of Lesson:
Date: 2.9.17
COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG.
Snow Day!!!!
Topic(s)
Objective: SWBAT
COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG.
HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET
Do Now:
CW:
Exit Ticket
Body of Lesson:
Date: 2.10.17