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BLA Biology (2016-17) Week 21 COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG. 16 Ch. 6 Human Homeostasis: Health & Disease (explore & explain) Date: 2.6.17 Topic(s) – The Immune System (Day 1) Objective: SWBAT follow power point lecture on the Immune System and take down notes related to steps in an immune response COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG. 15 HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET Read Essay Self and Nonself and complete related wksht. Do Now: Write everything you know or think you know about the immune system CW: Immune system (Day 1) pp and notes Exit Ticket: Watch Bozeman Video on the Immune System and take down noteshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3M0vU3Dv8E Body of Lesson: (DO NOT HAVE TO COPY) 1) DN & DN Debrief 2) Immune System pp (Day 1) 3) Exit ticket Immunity –The ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells. Immune System –The system responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing self from non-self Pathogens –Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that causes disease. Antigens -Any foreign substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the body's immune system to respond. Parts of the Immune System 1. Blood - White Blood Cells 1. Lymph nodes 1. Thymus Gland – Produces T Cells 4. Bone Marrow – Produces B Cells How does the body fight infection/foreign invaders? The Body’s 3 lines of Defense 1. The Skin (non-specific) • Provides Physical and Chemical barriers • Physical – hard to penetrate, made of indigestible keratin • Chemical – tears, sweat The First Line of Defense ~Skin~ - The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the epidermis, forms a shield against invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders - You shed between 40 – 50 thousand skin cells every day! The First Line of Defense ~Mucus and Cilia~ - As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into mucus throughout your respiratory system and become stuck - Hair-like structures called cilia sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing Don’t swallowed bacteria have a good chance of infecting you? The First Line of Defense ~Saliva~ What’s the first thing you do when you cut your finger? - Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria - Thousands of different types of bacteria can survive these chemicals, however The First Line of Defense ~Stomach Acid~ - Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong acids in the stomach that break down your food - The stomach must produce a coating of special mucus or this acid would eat through the stomach! 2. Nonspecific Immune Response Not Specific for Pathogen: – Macrophages: cells that travels to all areas of the body to find and eat pathogens – Natural Killer Cells (NK cells) – Inflammation - caused by release of Histamine from WBCs – Fever – caused by histamines. The fever (high temp) kill or decrease growth of pathogens. The Second Line of Defense ~White Blood Cells~ - If invaders actually get within the body, then your white blood cells (WBCs) begin their attack - WBCs normally circulate throughout the blood, but will enter the body’s tissues if invaders are detected Video White Blood Cells ~Phagocytes~ • These white blood cells are responsible for eating foreign particles by engulfing them • Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called ________ Lysosomes Where could invaders hide from phagocytes? Viruses Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus making-factory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells. Cell before infection… …and after. The Second Line of Defense ~Interferon~ - Virus-infected body cells release interferon when an invasion occurs - Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other body cells What happens to already infected cells? White Blood Cells ~T-Cells~ • T-Cells, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and cancer cells • T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to search for more cells to kill The Second Line of Defense ~The Inflammatory Response~ - Injured body cells release chemicals called histamines, which begin inflammatory response - Capillaries dilate - Pyrogens released, reach hypothalamus, and temperature rises - Pain receptors activate - WBCs flock to infected area like sharks to blood COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG. 18 Date: 2.7.17 & 2.8.17 Ch. 6 Human Homeostasis: Health & Disease (explore & explain) Topic(s) – The Immune System (Day 2 & 3) Objective: SWBAT 1) continue taking down notes related to steps in an immune response 2) Learn about passive & active immunity, vaccinations & autoimmune disorders/diseases 3) Watch the video How the body fights the flu and relate with immune system notes. COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG. 17 HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET Follow directions and complete a rough draft for the RAFT assignment (Refer Essays Immune System Memory, Avoiding Disruptions and class notes on Immune system) Do Now: What is passive & active immunity? Define autoimmune disease. Give one example. CW: Immune system (Day 2); How the body fights the flu video Exit Ticket**: Summarize everything you learnt today in 5-7 sentences. Body of Lesson: (DO NOT HAVE TO COPY) 1) DN & DN Debrief 2) Immune System pp (Day 2) 3) Flu video 4) Exit ticket 3. Specific Immune Response This is a specific response to a specific pathogen/antigen. • The response involves the creation of Antibodies and killer T-cells Antibodies • Produced by B-Cells • Function: Recognize antigens, bind to pathogen and deactivate them. The Pathway of Specific Immune Response Step 1 Pathogens eaten by Macrophage Step 2 Macrophage Displays antigen on surface Pathogens Step 3 Helper-T cell recognizes Pathogen antigen Step 4: 1. Activates Cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells (Cell mediated response) 2. Activates B Cell to produce antibodies (antibody mediated response) Memory T-Cell Memory B-Cell Antibodies Kills Infected Cells Step 5: Creates Memory B & T Cells Cellular Immunity • Carried out by TCells • Infected cells are killed by Cytotoxic T –Cells Antibody or Humoral Immunity • Carried out by Bcells • Antibodies are produced and released into blood stream • Antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them Immune Response Explained 1. 2. Antigen infects cells. Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface. 3. Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active. 4. Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells. 5. Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory T – Cells. 6. Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells. 7. At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory B- Cells. 8. Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen. 9. Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up the response if the same antigen reappears. 10. Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens have been destroyed. Immune Response Summary Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell Antigen Macrophage Helper T - Cell Cellular Immunity Antibody Immunity Active Cytotoxic T-Cell Kills Infected Cells Memory T- Cell Active B - Cell Plasma Cell Antibodies Deactivates Antigens Memory B-Cell • Primary Immune Response – This is a response to an invader the First time the invader infects the body. • No measurable immune response for first few days. • Next 10 – 15 days antibody production grows steadily • Secondary Immune Response – A more rapid response to an invader the 2nd time it invades the body due to memory cells. • Antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period. What is immunity? - Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance - Two types - Active Immunity - Passive Immunity Immunity New particles take longer to identify, and a person remains ill until a new antibody can be crafted Old particles are quickly recognized, and a person may never become ill from that invader again. This person is now immune. Active Immunity - You produce the antibodies - Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through: - Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You fought it, you won, you remember it - Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed or weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and remember it What is this second type of exposure called? Passive Immunity • You don’t produce the antibodies – A mother will pass immunities on to her baby during pregnancy - through what organ? Placenta – These antibodies will protect the baby for a short period of time following birth while its immune system develops. What endocrine gland is responsible for this? Thymus – Lasts until antibodies die Vaccination: An injection of an antigen from a pathogen that causes the body to produce antibodies and create memory cells. Vaccine • Antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce immunity • Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur • Have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the Earth, such as polio and smallpox How long does active immunity last? • It depends on the antigen • Some pathogens multiply into new forms that our body doesn’t recognize, requiring annual vaccinations, like the flu shot • Booster shot - reminds the immune system of the antigen • Others last for a lifetime, such as chicken pox Think the flu is no big deal? - Think again… - In 1918, a particularly deadly strain of flu, called the Spanish Influenza, spread across the globe - It infected 20% of the human population and killed 5%, which came out to be about 100 million people Do we get all the possible vaccines we can? • Although the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends certain vaccines, many individuals go without them • Those especially susceptible include travelers and students • Consider the vaccine for meningitis, which is recommended for all college students and infects 3,000 people in the U.S., killing 300 annually Link Autoimmune Disease • Autoimmune diseases are diseases where the immune system begins to attack itself. – Ex: • Rheumatoid Arthritis – crippling disease of the joints. • Lupus – disease of blood and organs. • Multiple Sclerosis – disease of nervous system • Cause(s): unknown / genetic component • Cures/Treatments: No known cures. Usually treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Discovered in 1983 • Specifically targets and kills T-cells • Because normal body cells are unaffected, immune response is not launched AIDS ~The Modern Plague~ - The HIV virus doesn’t kill you – it cripples your immune system - With your immune system shut down, common diseases that your immune system normally could defeat become life-threatening - Can show no effects for several months all the way up to 10 years • Transmitted by sexual contact, blood transfusions, contaminated needles ~The Silent Spread~ • As of 2014, there are approximately 36.9 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS (WHO) AIDS Self and non-Self: Human Blood Types Multiple Sclerosis Autoimmune disease: A response in which antibodies are produced to attack body’s own cell. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7O78Lv rNSQ Immune Disorders ~Allergies~ - Immune system mistakenly recognizes harmless foreign particles as serious threats - Launches immune response, which causes sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes - Anti-histamines block effect of histamines and bring relief to allergy sufferers Allergy - An inappropriate response by the immune system to an non-harmful antigen. ex: dust, pollen, mold, food, insect stings What happens during an allergic reaction? During an allergic reaction antibodies cause histamines to be released from certain cells. Histamines cause: a. Swelling of tissues b. Release of fluids (runny noses and eyes) c. muscle spasms (some cases) Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock: This is the sudden and severe allergic reaction to a substance that can cause death. Treatments for Allergies 1. Avoidance of material – especially food. 2. Epinephrine – “epi – pen” 3. Antihistamines -- benadryl COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG. Snow Day!!!! Topic(s) Objective: SWBAT COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG. HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET Do Now: CW: Exit Ticket Body of Lesson: Date: 2.9.17 COPY DATE, TOPIC & OBJECTIVE ON PG. Snow Day!!!! Topic(s) Objective: SWBAT COPY HW, COPY& ANS.DO-NOW; COPY & ANS. EXIT TICKET ON PG. HW: Organize your science journal, Unfinished CW/HW (if any), ET Do Now: CW: Exit Ticket Body of Lesson: Date: 2.10.17