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Protein Synthesis The code must be carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes of the cell. • When a specific protein is needed the cell must make the protein through protein synthesis – occurs in ribosomes • DNA can not leave the nucleus of the cell • Code must be carried from nucleus through the cytoplasm to ribosomes • RNA carries DNA’s instructions • RNA is a link between DNA and proteins • RNA differs from DNA in 3 different ways – Ribose sugar – Has uracil instead of thymine – Single stranded structure • Two parts to protein synthesis: – Transcription – Translation replication transcription translation Transcription • Copies DNA to make a strand of mRNA. • DNA code is transferred out of nucleus and into cytoplasm through our messenger RNA. • Chemical signals turn gene for a specific protein on. • Enzymes attach to DNA at the gene’s location and unzip only where that gene is on the DNA. – DNA A T C G RNA U A G C • Nucleotides of RNA bond together, form single strand of RNA and peels away from DNA. • DNA zips back up. • RNA molecule is called mRNA or messenger RNA. DNA • mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes through nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm of the cell. RNA Replication and Transcription are similar but different • Transcription and replication both involve complex enzymes and complementary base pairing. • The two processes have different end results. – Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies a gene. – Replication makes one copy; transcription can make many copies one gene growing RNA strands DNA