Download GENETICS Review

AP BIOLOGY
GENETICS Review
Kelly Riedell
Brookings Biology
Animation from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/domov.gif
The failure of homologous
chromosomes to separate
resulting in cells with missing
or extra chromosomes is
NON-DISJUNCTION
called _________________
Name a genetic disorder you learned about
that results from this mistake during meiosis.
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Turner syndrome (XO)
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
3.A.3..c.
Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
This organized picture of
an individual’s
chromosomes is called a
karyotype
__________________
The person shown above is a
male
female
Female
There are 2 X chromosomes and
no Y chromosome.
Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072485949/student_view0/chapter3/interactive_activity.html
Could this trait be inherited as X-LINKED RECESSIVE?
Fill in the genotypes for A, B, C, and D
Can’t be
XLINKED
RECESSIVE
XdXd
XD Y
XDY
Xd
Xd
XdXd
XD X?
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often
be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendelian genetics. [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by Mendel's
model of the inheritance of traits. See SP 1.2]
Image from: http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/zooweb/Phelps/ZWK99010k.jpeg
Male
There is
one X and 1 Y
sex chromosome.
The person shown in this karyotype is
male
female
Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.
Name an X-linked genetic disorder.
Hemophilia, colorblindness,
Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
These genetic disorders show up
A. in equal frequencies in males & females
B. more frequently in females than males
C. more frequently in males than females
3.A.4:.1. b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
•
•
Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans).
In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.
Genes that are farther apart on a
chromosome show a ___________
GREATER
crossover frequency than those that are
closer together.
SMALLER GREATER
3.A.3.b.2 Genes that are adjacent and close to each other on the same chromosome tend to move as a unit; the probability that they will
segregate as a unit is a function of the distance between them.
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for normal bristles
and red eyes) is mated with a spineless bristle fly
with sepia eyes.
Recombinants
=
OFFSPRING:
Total
648- normal bristles/red eyes
681- spineless bristles/sepia eyes 155 = 10.4%
1484
72- normal bristles/sepia eyes
83- spineless bristles/red-eyes
What is the recombination frequency between
these genes?
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Explain WHY X-linked genetic disorders
show up more frequently in males than
females.
Males only have one X chromosome (XY)
If males inherit an X with a mutation they will
show the trait.
Females have 2 X’s. If they inherit an X
with a mutation they have a “back up” normal X;
Females need to inherit TWO mutated X
chromosomes to show the trait
3.A.4:.1. b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
•
•
Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans).
In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.
lImage from: es.ubacbcbio54mercedes.webnode.com.ar/system_preview_detail_200000082-a01c2a115a-public/hemophilia_pedigree_royal-01.png
Name the genetic disorder caused by a
mutation in the gene that codes for blood
clotting proteins __________
Hemophilia which is
found in a pedigree of the royal families
of Europe
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
X-LINKED
RECESSIVE
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by
Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits. [See SP 1.2]
Name the genetic disorder caused by a
mutation in the gene that codes proteins
receptors in the eye that detect color
COLOR BLINDNESS
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
X-LINKED
RECESSIVE
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by
Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits. [See SP 1.2]
Name the genetic disorder caused by a
mutation resulting in progressive muscle
degeneration and weakness and early
death. DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
X-LINKED
RECESSIVE
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
Name the lysosomal storage disorder in
which the lipids build up in the brain
causing blindness, mental retardation,
and early death that is more common in
people of Jewish & Middle Eastern
descent
TAY-SACHS
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
Name the genetic disorder in which the
amino acid phenylalanine is not broken
down and caused by and builds up in the
brain causing mental retardation.
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
__________
___________
trait.
AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
Name the genetic disorder caused by a
faulty chloride transporter which results
in sticky mucous to building up in lungs
and digestive organs. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
Name the genetic disorder caused multiple
CAG repeats which results in progressive
brain deterioration starting in middle
age.
HUNTINGTON’S
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
AUTOSOMAL
DOMINANT
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
Image from: https://geneticdisordersproject.wikispaces.com/file/view/Family_Roloff.jpg/33526623/285x429/Family_Roloff.jpg
Name the genetic disorder in which growth
plates in arms and legs fuse too early
resulting in short stature and bone
malformations
ACHONDROPLASIA
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
AUTOSOMAL
DOMINANT
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant
Recessive
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
Name the genetic disorder resulting from
three #21 chromosomes characterized by
in small stature, upward slant to eyes,
and mild to moderate cognitive delays
DOWN SYNDROME/trisomy 21
This extra chromosome is the result of
which mistake during meiosis?
NON-DISJUNCTION
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
3.C.1.2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down
syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2, 3.A.3]
Name the genetic disorder seen in males
who inherit an extra X chromosome (XXY)
resulting in delayed puberty, breast
enlargement, reduced facial and body
hair, and infertility
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
This extra chromosome is the result of
which mistake during meiosis?
NON-DISJUNCTION
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Klinefelter's syndrome
3.C.1.2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down
syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2, 3.A.3]
Name the genetic disorder seen in females
who are missing one of their X
chromosomes (XO) resulting in short
stature, webbed neck, infertility, and
learning difficulties. TURNER SYNDROME
This missing chromosome is the result of
which mistake during meiosis?
NON-DISJUNCTION
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
3.C.1.2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down
syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3.A.2, 3.A.3]
A person who has a copy of the gene
for a recessive disorder but doesn’t
show any signs of the sickness is
carrier
called a ____________
Which of the following is/are true?
Only males can be carriers for X-linked recessive traits
Only females can be carriers for X-linked recessive traits
Both males and females can be carriers for X-linked recessive
traits
LO 3.15 The student is able to explain deviations from Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits. [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendelian genetics. [See SP 6.3]
Which of the following is/are true?
Only males can be carriers for autosomal recessive traits
Only females can be carriers for autosomal recessive traits
Both males and females can be carriers for autosomal recessive
traits
LO 3.15 The student is able to explain deviations from Mendel's model of the inheritance of traits. [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendelian genetics. [See SP 6.3]
Genetic disorder in which the DNA code
for hemoglobin is changed. Red blood
cells with the damaged hemoglobin protein
can change into a sickle shape and clog up
the blood vessels.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
This disorder is inherited as a(n)
AUTOSOMAL
CODOMINANT
__________
___________
trait.
Autosomal X-linked
Dominant Recessive
Codominant
3>A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
A trait that is controlled by several
genes (like skin color or height) is called
______________
Polygenic
A trait in which there are three or more
choices for a single gene
(like A, B, and O blood type) is a called a
_____________________
trait.
MULTIPLE ALLELE
polygenic
multiple allele
Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
a. Many traits are the product of multiple genes and/or physiological processes.
A
C
B
Which individual(s) shows the
genetic trait? A
Which individual(s) is/are male?
A
Which individual(s) is/are female?
B and C
Which individual(s) is/are carriers
for the trait?
C
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
This diagram shows
pedigree
a ________________
Karyotype
Pedigree
Punnett square
X-linked traits _______________
A. Only show up in females
B. Show up more frequently in males
C. can be heterozygous in males
D. only pass from mothers to daughters
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often
be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendelian genetics. [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by Mendel's
model of the inheritance of traits. See SP 1.2]
Sickle cell anemia is a disorder which shows
heterozygote advantage. Individuals who are
heterozygous for the sickle cell allele and who
live in certain environments are resistant to
which other deadly disease?
MALARIA
3.C.1.A.1 DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral based on the effect or the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or
protein and the phenotypes that are conferred by the protein.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:
1. Whether or not a mutation is detrimental, beneficial or neutral depends on the environmental context.
Sickle cell anemia is more common in
African Americans
____________________
Males
females
African Americans
Caucasians
Caucasians
Cystic fibrosis is more common in ___________
Males
females
African Americans
Caucasians
IDENTIFY SOME OF THE CAUSES OF
GENETIC MUTATIONS
Mistakes in replication
(copy errors)
Mistakes in DNA repair
Mistakes in meiosis
(crossing over errors, nondisjunction)
Mutagens in environment
(Chemicals like cigarette smoke or radiation)
3.C.3. b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive
chemicals, can cause random changes, e.g., mutations in the DNA.
Which of the following is NOT visible
in a karyotype ?
Sex of baby
Missing or extra chromosomes
a point mutation
How is a karyotype different from a pedigree?
Karyotype shows the chromosomes from an individual
Pedigree shows how a trait is passed in families over
many generations
Name 3 disorders that are:
Autosomal recessive
_______________
Phenylketonuria
(PKU)
Tay-Sach’s
________________
Cystic
fibrosis
________________
X linked recessive
_______________
Hemophilia
Colorblindness
_______________
Muscular
dystrophy (DMD)
_______________
Name 3 disorders that is caused by nondisjunction:
___________________
Down syndrome
___________________
Turner syndrome
___________________
Klinefelter syndrome
3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
Name disorders that are:
Autosomal Dominant
________________
Huntington’s
Achondroplasia
________________
Autosomal Codominant
___________________
Sickle cell anemia
3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington's disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter's syndrome
Sickle cell anemia is more common in
African Americans
____________________
Males
females
African Americans
Caucasians
Caucasians
Cystic fibrosis is more common in ___________
Males
females
African Americans
Caucasians
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis
to the passage of traits from parent to offspring. [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1
Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE trait?
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring.
[See SP 1.1, 7.2]
Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1
Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE trait?
aa
Aa
aa
aa
Aa
aa
aa
Aa
aa
Aa
aa
aa
aa
YES IT IS POSSIBLE
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring.
[See SP 1.1, 7.2]
MAKE A PREDICTION about the mode of
inheritance for the following trait and
PROVIDE EVIDENCE for your answer.
Female wild type flies are crossed with purple eyed
males. Offspring are shown below
F1
F2
511 wild type females
377 Wild type females
498 wild type males
383 Wild type males
119 Purple eyed females
121 Purple eyed males
Purple eyes is an autosomal recessive
Only wild type flies appear in F1 generation/no purple eyed flies
Purple eyed trait returns in 3:1 ratio in F2 generation
Classic Mendelian ratio
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of
inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. If a man and
a woman, both with normal vision, marry and have a
colorblind son, draw the Punnett square that illustrates
this.
XC
Y
XC XCXC XCY
Xc XCXc XcY
To have a color blind son,
mom must be a carrier.
Dads give Y’s to sons so
mutant allele must come
from mom
Boys with X-linked
recessive traits inherit
them from their mothers
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring. [
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol.
Aa
Aa
Aa or AA
aa
Is it possible that this pedigree is for an autosomal
recessive trait?
YES
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?
RrYy
________________________
RY
ry
rY
Ry
What process seen in meiosis results in the
genetic variation in the gametes produced
INDEPENDENT
in the above diagram?
ASSORTMENT
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be p
redicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring.
[See SP 1.1, 7.2]]
Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Make a cross
between a colorblind male and a female with a normal
vision whose father was not color blind.
SHOW the GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE frequencies of
all offspring
Xc
Y
FREQUENCY GENOTYPES
XC XCXc XCY
PHENOTYPES
50%
XC Xc
Normal female
(carrier)
50%
XC Xc
Normal male
XC XCXc XCY
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
IF PARENT GENOME : AaBbCcDD
What is the probability of producing a gamete with this
gene combination?
½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/8
abcD ________________________
Abcd ________________________
½ X½ X½ X0=0
IF PARENT GENOME : AaBbCcDd
What is the probability of producing a gamete with this
gene combination?
ABcd ________________________
½ X ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/16
aBCD ________________________
½ X 1 X ½ X ½ = 1/8
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring.
[See SP 1.1, 7.2]
In dogs hereditary deafness is caused by a recessive gene (d). A kennel
owner has a hearing male dog that she wants to use for breeding purposes
if possible. She would like to avoid having deaf puppies.
DD
What are the possible genotypes of this male dog? ______
Dd
______
dd to try and
A testcross would use a female dog with this genotype _____
determine if this male dog should be used for breeding.
A testcross is done and a litter of puppies is born that includes the
following:
5 hearing puppies and 2 deaf puppies
What can you conclude about the male dog’s unknown genotype?
Male dog is Dd since offspring includes deaf puppies
DD dogs can’t produce deaf puppies
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1
Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT trait?
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring.
[See SP 1.1, 7.2]
Image from: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1128.htm#A1
Could this trait be an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT trait?
Aa
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
IMPOSSIBLE
aa
Aa
Aa
aa
Aa
Aa
aa
Aa
aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
This individual has trait
but neither of her
parents show it
3.A.3.b.3. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring.
[See SP 1.1, 7.2]
What is the probability?
AaBbCcDd X AaBbCcDd
parents
What is the probability of producing a offspring
with this gene combination?
¼ X ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/32
AABbCcDd _____________________________
½ X ¼ X ¼ X ¼ = 1/128
AaBBccdd______________________________
½ X ½ X ½ X ½ =1/16
AaBbCcDd_______________________________
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder.
What is the chance that two carriers will have a child
with cystic fibrosis?
F
F
f
f
FF
Ff
Ff
ff
25% of offspring
will have CF
#.A.3.b.3. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.12 The student is able to construct a representation that connects the process of meiosis to the passage of traits from parent to offspring. [
See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
What is the probability?
AaBbCcDD
parent genome
What is the probability of producing a gamete
with this gene combination?
½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/8
abcD _____________________________
½X½ X½X0 =0
abcd ______________________________
½
X
½
X
½
X
1
= 1/8
AbcD ______________________________
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
One classic example NON-MENDELIAN genetics is that in many
flowering plants such as roses, snapdragons, and hibiscus, there is a
gene for flower color with two alleles: red and white. However, in that
case, white is not merely the absence of red, but that allele actually
codes for, “make white pigment.” Thus the flowers on a plant that is
heterozygous have two sets of instructions: “make red,” and “make
white,” with the result that the flowers turn out mid-way in between;
they’re pink.
This type of dominance is called
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
________________________
3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
In dogs hereditary deafness is caused by a recessive gene (d). A kennel
owner has a hearing male dog that she wants to use for breeding purposes
if possible. She would like to avoid having deaf puppies.
DD
What are the possible genotypes of this male dog? ______
Dd
______
dd to try and
A testcross would use a female dog with this genotype _____
determine if this male dog should be used for breeding.
A testcross is done and a litter of puppies is born that includes the
following:
5 hearing puppies
What can you conclude about the male dog’s unknown genotype?
Still unknown; Both DD and Dd dogs can produce
hearing puppies
Do another test cross
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Image from: http://antiagingpress.org/help-my-hair-is-thinning-part-two.html/
An example NON-MENDELIAN genetics is that
the expression of certain traits is dependent on
the organism’s sex. The same gene can produce
different phenotypes in males vs females.
EX: Male pattern baldness
OR milk production in
females
This type of inheritance is called
________________________
SEX LIMITED
3.A.4:The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
b. Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and
pattern baldness in males.
In fruit flies black body and vestigial wings is recessive to the wild type gray body and
normal wings.
A cross between a homozygous wild type fly with a black body vestigial winged fly
produces 100% wild type offspring. An F1 Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray
body and normal wings) is mated with a black fly with vestigial wings and the
offspring shown below:
778- wild type
785- black-vestigial
158- black- normal wings
162- gray body-vestigial wings
What is the recombination frequency between these genes?
Recombinants =
Total
320 = 17%
1883
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
An example NON-MENDELIAN genetics is seen in
human ABO BLOOD TYPING. Individuals who are
heterozygous with both an A allele and a B allele
make BOTH kinds of glycoproteins on the surface
of their cells.
This type of dominance where neither
allele is dominant over the other and
BOTH are expressed together at the
same time is called
CODOMINANCE
________________________
3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
X-LINKED
Cross a hemophilia male with a carrier female
XH
Xh
h
X
Y
H
h
X X
H
X Y
Xh Xh Xh Y
PHENOTYPES?
25%- hemophilia female
25%- hemophilia male
25%- normal male
25% - normal (carrier)
females
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
What is the probability?
AaBbCcDd
parent genome
What is the probability of producing a gamete
with this gene combination?
½ X ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/16
ABCD _____________________________
½ X ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/16
aBcD _______________________________
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol.
XB Y
XB Xb
XB Y
Xb Xb
Is it possible that this pedigree is for an X-linked
recessive trait?
NO
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be
predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tahir_MOHI-UD-DIN_MALLA/publication/281810039/figure/fig2/AS:280680664715298@1443930893811/Representative-karyotype-46XO-of-a-primary-amenorrhea-female-with-Turner's-syndrome.png
This karyotype
shows the
chromosomes
from a
person with
which genetic
disorder?
Turner syndrome- females with only one X
This extra X chromosome is the result of which
process that goes wrong during meiosis?
NONDISJUNCTION
3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
What is the probability of having
6 children and they are ALL boys?
½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/64
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of
inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images4/TongueMyth1.jpg
The ability to curl your tongue up on
the sides (T, tongue rolling) is dominant
to not being able to roll your tongue (t).
A woman who can roll her tongue
marries a man who cannot.
Their first child has his father's phenotype. What are the genotypes of
the mother, father, and child?
MOTHER: ____
Tt
tt
FATHER: ____
tt
CHILD: ____
What is the probability their next child will be a tongue roller?
50%
_____
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
http://www.mybookezzz.org/ebook.php?u=aHR0cDovL21jYi5iZXJrZWxleS5lZHUvY291cnNlcy9tY2I0MS9wcmFjdGljZV9wcm9ibGVtc19hbnN3LnBkZgpQcmFjdGljZSBwcm9ibGVtcyAod2l0aC
BhbnN3ZXJzKSBUaGlzIGlzIHRoZSBkZWdyZWUgb2YgZGlmZmljdWx0eSBvZiAuLi4=
The inheritance of the disorder in II-3 from his father
rules out what form of inheritance?
Xb Y
Xb Y
Can’t be X-linked recessive
Males get their X-linked
allele from their mother
If dad passed to son it must
be AUTOSOMAL
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
MAKE A PREDICTION about the mode of inheritance for
the following trait and PROVIDE EVIDENCE for your
answer.
Female wild type flies are crossed with purple eyed
males. Offspring are shown below
F1
F2
511 wild type females
377 Wild type females
498 wild type males
383 Wild type males
119 Purple eyed females
121 Purple eyed males
Purple eyes is an autosomal recessive
Only wild type flies appear in F1 generation/no purple eyed flies
Purple eyed trait returns in 3:1 ratio in F2 generation
Classic Mendelian ratio
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of
inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072485949/student_view0/chapter3/interactive_activity.html
Could this trait be inherited as
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ?
AUTOSOMAL
DOMINANT is possible
Fill in the genotypes for A, B, C, and D
Aa
aa
Aa
aa
aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
Aa
aa
Aa
aa
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often
be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendelian genetics. [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by Mendel's
model of the inheritance of traits. See SP 1.2]
aa
Determine the sequence of genes along a
chromosome based on the following
recombination frequencies
A-C 10%
A-D 30%
B-C 24%
B-D 16%
3.A.3.b.2 Genes that are adjacent and close to each other on the same chromosome tend to move as a unit; the probability that they will
segregate as a unit is a function of the distance between them
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
In certain trees, smooth bark is dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark. If
there are 160 offspring produced, how many will have
wrinkled bark?
160 X .25 = 40
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of
inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body
and normal wings) is mated with a black fly with
vestigial wings.
Recombinants =
OFFSPRING:
Total
778- wild type
314 = 16.7%
785- black-vestigial
1877
158- black- normal wings
162- gray body-vestigial wings
What is the recombination frequency between
these genes?
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
All humans inherit their mitochondria from
__________________.
A. their mother
B. their father
C. Both mother and father
Make a connection:
What event during oogenesis results in this mode of
mitochondrial inheritance?
Uneven division of cytoplasm during cytokinesis/production
of polar bodies results majority of cytoplasm (including
mitochondria!) going to one egg
3.A.4. c. 2. I
In animals, mitochondrial DNA is transmitted by the egg and not by sperm; as such, mitochondrial-determined traits are maternally inherited.
A cross of wild-type red-eyed FEMALE fruit flies with a
violet-eyed MALE produces all red-eyed offspring. If the
gene is an X-linked recessive trait, which of the following
would you expect if you reversed the parents and crossed a
violet-eyed FEMALE with a red-eyed wild type MALE?
Xv+
Y
Xv Xv+Xv XvY
PHENOTYPES?
50%-violet males
50%- red-eyed females
Xv Xv+Xv XvY
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Human somatic cells are diploid (2n), but many of the foods
we eat have multiple sets of chromosomes. Example:
bananas are triploid (3n), apples (4n), kiwi (6n) , strawberries
(8n). These are examples of what is called
POLYPLOIDY
_____________________
Make a connection to MEIOSIS:
Most sweet bananas grown today are from a single variety
produced as a result of asexual reproduction not from
seeds. What role might the ploidy number in bananas play in
their inability to reproduce sexually?
Triploid (3n) bananas can’t do meiosis to make sperm/eggs because they
have an odd number of chromosomes. Can’t pair up homologous partners
during prophase I or separate homologous partners to reduce
chromosome number during anaphase I.
3.C. 1.c. 1.
Changes in chromosome number often result in new phenotypes, including sterility caused by triploidy and increased vigor of other polyploids. [See also 3.A.2]
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072485949/student_view0/chapter3/interactive_activity.html
Could this trait be inherited as AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE?
Fill in the genotypes for A, B, C, and D
Dd
AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE is possible
dd
dd
D?
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often
be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.16 The student is able to explain how the inheritance patterns of many traits cannot be accounted for by Mendelian genetics. [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 The student is able to describe representations of an appropriate example of inheritance patterns that cannot be explained by Mendel's
model of the inheritance of traits. See SP 1.2]
This karyotype
shows the
chromosomes
from a
person with
which genetic
disorder?
Klinefelter syndrome- Males with XXy
What happens during meiosis that results in this
extra X chromosome?
NONDISJUNCTION
3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
What is the probability?
AaBbCcDd X
AaBbCcDd
parents
What is the probability of producing a offspring
with this gene combination?
aabbccdd _____________________________
¼ X ¼ X ¼ X ¼ = 1/256
½ X¼ X¼ X¼
= 1/128
AaBBccDD______________________________
½ X ¼ X ¼ X ½ = 1/64
AaBBCCDd______________________________
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
The ability to taste the chemical PTC is determined by a single gene in
humans with the ability to taste given by the dominant allele T and
inability to taste by the recessive allele t. Suppose two heterozygous
tasters (Tt) have a large family.
Predict the proportion of their children who will be:
tasters _________
75%
nontasters __________
25%
75%
What is the likelihood that their first child will be a taster? ________
What is the likelihood that the first three children of this couple will be
nontasters?
¼ X ¼ X ¼ = 1/64
If 12 children are born to these parents, how many of them would likely
be tasters?
12 X .75 = 9
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
MONOSOMY
2n-1
2n =8
HAPLOID
1n
3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as
nondisjunction.
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body
and red eyes) is mated with a black fly with
purple eyes.
Recombinants =
OFFSPRING:
Total
721- gray body/red eyes
751- black body/purple eyes 94 = 6 %
1566
49- gray body/purple eyes
45- black body/red-eyes
What is the recombination frequency between
these genes?
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
FROM: Campbell Biology in Focus Test Your Knowledge
A 1:1:1:1 ratio of offspring from a dihybrid test
cross indicates that
a. the genes are linked
b. the dominant organism was homozygous
c. crossing over has occurred
d. the genes are not linked or are more than 50
map units apart
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/zooweb/Phelps/ZWK99024k.jpeg
This karyotype
shows the
chromosomes
from a person
with which
genetic
disorder?
Down syndrome- trisomy 21
What happens during meiosis that results in this
extra chromosome?
NONDISJUNCTION
3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
Albinism is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
The first child of a normally pigmented woman of blood
type AB is a boy who is albino with type B blood. The
father has normal pigmentation and has type O blood.
What are the chances that the next child of this couple
will be an albino girl with A type blood?
What we know:
1st child has aa genotype so mom and dad must both be Aa
Dad has i i
Mom has IA IB
¼ X ½ X ½ = 1/16
3.A.3.b..3 The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can often be predicted
from data that gives the parent genotype/phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Bacteriophage head protein mutants were isolated,
identified, and lettered E, D, S, Y. The following relative
recombination frequencies were observed in crosses of the
mutants. Transduction mapping localized the mutant E to
the 3’ end of the transcribed chromosome relative to the
other mutations.
If the D mutation
S-D 2 %
is a nonsense
Y-D 3%
mutation, how
E-Y 2%
would the
mutant head
Y-S 5%
protein compare
Mutant D protein would be shorter because
to the normal
nonsense mutations cause premature
protein?
termination of mRNA translation
3.A.3.b.2 Genes that are adjacent and close to each other on the same chromosome tend to move as a unit; the probability that they will
segregate as a unit is a function of the distance between them
LO 3.14 The student is able to apply mathematical routines to determine Mendelian patterns of inheritance provided by data sets. [See SP 2.2]
Both of these mutations result in the addition of a A into
the code where it doesn’t belong. Identify the kind of
mutation shown:
substitution
Mutation #1 = _______________________
Mutation #2 = _______________________
Insertion/frameshift
Which of these is more likely to cause more damage to
the protein that this gene codes for? EXPLAIN
#2- since codons are read in groups of 3, frameshifts change
every amino acid after the insertion; #1 changes just one codon
•3.A.3.c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes, such as nondisjunction.
THE END
https://img0.etsystatic.com/000/0/5897782/il_570xN.341766640.jpg