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ABC half-transporter relative gene expression and metabolism of
conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in X- linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Petroni A .1, Carissimi R.1, Iannone A.2, Della Casa L.2, Giordano E.3, Cordeddu L.3, Banni S.3
1University of Milan, 2University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 3University of Cagliari, ITALY
1
INTRODUCTION
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare, inherited, metabolic disorder characterized by progressive demyelination. Due to defective peroxisomal beta-oxidation, Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFA)
accumulate in different tissues including plasma, fibroblasts, nervous system and adrenal cortex and are thus regarded as the main biochemical markers of the disease.
X-ALD is due to mutations in the ABCD1 (Xq28) gene, which normally encodes a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter (ALDP). It has been shown that overexpression of ABCD1 closest homologue, ABCD2,
and of other related genes such as ABCD3 and ABCD4, can partially compensate for ALDP deficiency. Various ALDP agonists can induce the expression of the above mentioned genes, partially compensating the
pathological abnormalities of the disease, such as enhancing VLCFA beta-oxidation and we have previously demonstrated (Petroni et al., 2003) that the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5alpha-androstan3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) are among such compounds.
OBJECTIVES
“Lorenzo’s oil therapy” is the only available and partially effective treatment for the patients, It consists of a 4:1 mixture of glycerol trioleate and glycerol trierucate. Lorenzo’s oil does not directly affect peroxisomal
beta oxidation but just slows down the production of VLCFAs. Peroxisomal Beta-oxidation defect in the liver of ABCD1-deficient mice could be restored by stimulation of ABCD2 and ABCD4 gene expression through
treatment with fenofibrate. Our goal is to investigate, as a possible candidate in ABCD2 induction , conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is a naturally ocurring fatty acid (FA) and a good ligand for PPAR (regulator
of peroxisomal beta-oxidation key enzymes.) Moreover CLA passes the blood-brain barrier and is partially metabolized by the peroxisomes.
METHODS
X-ALD fibroblasts were obtained and cultured as previously described (Petroni et al., 2000) from two affected brothers and normal subjects. The two brothers presented the same mutation in exon 9, but different
clinical manifestations of the disease, ALD1 being severely affected, while ALD2 being asymptomatic. CLA isomers and fenofibrate were supplemented separately to the cells for different times. Gene expression was
evaluated by real-time PCR . CLA metabolites were measured by HPLC-DAD-MS.
ABCD2 AND ABCD3 EXPRESSION IN CONTROL AND X-ALD
FIBROBLASTS by Real-Time PCR
MELTING CURVES OF ABCD2 AND ABCD3
ABCD2
Total RNA was extracted with Trizol method
135 pb
The amplification of the indicated genes and of the
housekeeping gene 18S in three cell lines (control,
ALD1, and ALD2 fibroblasts) either in untreated
conditions or after incubation were evaluated by
Real-Time PCR.
ABCD3
77 pb
Threshold cycle (CT) was determined as the point at
which
amplification
resulted
in
significant
fluorescence above background and later used to
calculate fold change.
18S
The use of the SYBR Green dye in all the
experiments also provided us with melting
curves for each gene.
ABCD3
Fluorescence
Fluorescence
ABCD2
Further proof that the amplification was
specific for our target genes was obtained
by electrophoresis on a 3% agarose gel.
18S
170 pb
Cycle
Temperature, Celsius
ABCD2 EXPRESSION IN UNTREATED AND X-ALD FIBROBLASTS
control cells
PPAR-  EXPRESSION IN UNTREATED AND X-ALD FIBROBLASTS
ALD cells
25
25
*
*
FENOFIBRATE
*
Control cells
45
*
mRNA expression
CLA
*
5
*
0
0
18
24
48
18
24
30
mRNA expression
*
5
35
*
10
*
FENOFIBRATE
35
15
10
40
UNTREATED
mRNA expression
mRNA expression
40
*
ALD cells
45
CLA
20
20
15
Melting curves for ABCD2, ABCD3 and the
housekeeping gene 18S confirmed the
generation of a specific amplicone.
25
20
15
*
30
UNTREATED
25
20
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
*
48
hours
hours
18
The fibroblasts were incubated at different time (16,24,48 H) with 50 μM of CLA (isomer c9,t11) or 100 μM Fenofibrate (PPAR-alpha’s agonist).
Primers for Real-Time PCR were designed by human cDNA ABCD2 (GenBank Accession Number NM_005164), PPAR-alpha
24
48
18
hours
24
48
hours
(GenBank Accession Number BC000052) and 18SrRNA (GenBank Accession NumberNM_X03205) using the programs: Primer3, Operon
* P<0.01 considered statistically significant versus untreated, according to Tukey’s test.
Toolkit and NCBI.
* P<0.01 considered statistically significant versus untreated, according to Tukey’s test.
RESULTS
In untreated conditions ABCD2 was upregulated in X-ALD fibroblasts towards the controls. Fenofibrate, used as positive control, increased both PPAR-  and ABCD2 mRNA levels after 18 h. CLA differently
induced PPAR-  and ABCD2 mRNA, the latter was particularly enhanced after 24 and 48h in X-ALD fibroblasts.
DISCUSSION
In untreated conditions ABCD2 was upregulated in X-ALD fibroblasts towards the controls, indicating a compensation for ALDP deficiency. CLA differently induced PPAR-  and ABCD2 mRNA, the latter was
particularly enhanced after 24 and 48h in X-ALD fibroblasts. The higher induction of PPAR-  and ABCD2 mRNA by CLA was associated to its conjugated diene metabolites , derived from peroxisomal betaoxidation (data not shown).
CONCLUSIONS
Inflammation could contribute to the pathogenesis of X-ALD, being involved in
demyelinating processes (Moser et al.1997), as well as to other neurodegenerative
disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.
CLA passes the blood-brain barrier, it is incorporated and metabolized in the brain and
isolated astrocytes (Fa et al. 2005).
The effect of CLA on ABCD2 and PPAR, here reported,and its possible antinflammatory
effect , due to its conjugated diene metabolites, can indicate CLA as a promising
therapeutic approach for X-ALD.
Acknowledgement
This research was funded by the BioMedicine and Nutrition Association
(www.biomedicinanutrizione.org).
REFERENCES
Moser HW. Adrenoleukodystrophy: phenotype, genetics, pathogenesis and therapy. Brain. 1997 Aug;120 ( Pt
8):1485-508.
Petroni A, Blasevich M, Uziel G. Effects of the testosterone metabolite dihydrotestosterone and 5-alphaandrostan-3 alpha,17 beta-diol on very long chain fatty acid metabolism in X-adrenoleukodystrophic fibroblasts.
Life Sci. 2003 Aug 8;73(12):1567-75
Petroni A, Papini N, Blasevich M, Magnaghi V, Cavarretta I, Galli C, Melcangi RC. Testosterone metabolites in
patients reduce the levels of very long chain fatty acids accumulated in X-adrenoleukodystrophic fibroblasts.
Neurosci Lett. 2000 Aug 4;289(2):139-42
Fa M, Diana A, Carta G, et al. Incorporation and metabolism of c9,t11 and t10,c12 conjugated linoleic acid
(CLA) isomers in rat brain. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2005;1736:61-6.