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Download Notes Chapter 16 - Spring Branch ISD
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Evolution of Populations Notes Chapter 16 16-1 Genes and Variation I. Variation and Gene Pools A. Variation – different individuals in a population have different traits B. Gene Pool – all genes in a population C. Gene frequency – how common a gene is in a population D. In genetic terms, evolution is defined as the change in gene frequency in a population over time II. Two main sources of variation that result from sexual reproduction A. Mutations – a change in the DNA sequence B. Gene Shuffling – genes may form new combinations during meiosis Example: crossing over C. Traits 1. Single gene trait – a trait controlled by a single gene (2 alleles) Example: “widow’s peak” (have or don’t have) 2. Polygenic trait – a trait controlled by more than one gene (many alleles) Example: height (many variations) 16-3 Speciation III. Speciation – how a species forms A. Behavioral isolation – when 2 populations are able to breed, but have differences in reproductive behavior that prevent mating B. Geographic isolation - when 2 populations are able to breed, but are separated by barriers (rivers, mountains, etc) C. Temporal isolation – when 2 populations are able to breed, but reproduce at different times D. Reproductive isolation - species may be able to mate & the resulting offspring may be viable, but if those offspring are cannot reproduce then isolation is still occurring. Example: donkey + horse = mule which is sterile!