Download Organic Molecule

ENTRY TASK – 3 POINTS
 What
is a cell?
 What is an Organic Molecule?
 What is a macromolecule?
CARBON ATOMS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

What is an Organic Molecule?
It is a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
 Other than water, most molecules in a cell are
carbon-based.


What is a macromolecule?
A large molecule built from many smaller molecular
units into chains
 Can be composed of hundreds (or millions) of atoms
 Cells

Build macromolecules for specific uses
 Break down macromolecules for energy and other uses

CARBON ATOMS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

What are the 4 basic types of Organic molecules
found in all living organisms?
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids

CARBON ATOMS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

Carbohydrates
an organic compound made up of C, H, and O
 Provide Energy: Glucose (C6H12O6 )is the
primary energy source for cells
 Provide Structure: Cellulose and Chitin
 Simple sugars (glucose) are soluble in water =
hydrophilic

CARBOHYDRATES
Complex carbohydrate
(e.g., starch)
Glucose
(simple sugar)
CARBOHYDRATES (CON’T)
Produce and store energy
Glucose is used by cells as the main source of
energy. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate.
Complex carbohydrate = simple carbohydrates
joined together into larger molecules



Starch : CC formed by plants to store energy
Cellulose : structural CC found in cell walls
Glycogen = CC formed by animals to store energy
Structural roles:
cell wall of plant cells (cellulose)
 exoskeleton of some insects (chitin)

CARBON ATOMS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

Lipids
not soluble in water = hydrophobic
 Provide Energy storage (fats)
 Components of Cell Membranes
 Chemical signals (steroids)

LIPIDS
Also called Fats
 Made up of C, H, O
 Provide long term storage of energy and carbon



Used in the construction of cell membranes (with
proteins)


Fats produce more than 2x as much usable energy as
glucose
Phospholipid bilayer
Fatty acids are the fats in your diet

Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids are essential
STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACIDS
LIPIDS

Steroids are lipids where the carbon skeleton forms
four rings.
Circulate in your body as chemical signals (estrogen,
testosterone)
 Cholesterol is the starting point for your body to produce
other steroids

STOP & THINK (PG. 269)
Using the atomic model kit, build a model of the
ring form of glucose on p. 267.
 Sketch your model in your science NB.
 Label your model and write the chemical formula
beneath the model.
 Animals store energy reserves as lipids. Plants
store energy reserves as starches. What is the
advantage of storing energy in lipids?
 Build a saturated fatty acid model
 Build an unsaturated fatty acid model

PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS
Read “Proteins & Amino Acids” p. 269
 Take notes (Cornell or Outlining)

PROTEINS
Present in the cells in large
amounts
 Contain H,O,N,C
 Molecules composed of amino acids
 DNA stores the info to make all proteins an organism requires
for life
 Shape and function of a protein molecule is determined by the
order of amino acids





20 a.a.’s are commonly found in proteins
humans produce 9 of the 20
11 are essential and must be obtained from food
Plant, animal, and bacteria cells all produce protein
 How
do we get the amino acids we need ?
Meats are complete and contain all of the
essential amino acids
 Vegetables - low or are missing essential amino
acids
 Digestion breaks down proteins into amino acids
for use by cells to build the different proteins your
body needs

PROTEINS
 Functions
of Protein
structural components of cells
 messengers and receivers of messages
(receptors) between cells
 Help defend against disease
 Enzymes
 Specialized protein molecules that assist
reactions occurring in cells

NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Made

of nucleotides
Sugar + nitrogen base +
phosphate group
 C,H,O,N,P
 Store
and transmit
hereditary information
 Carry the instructions for
cell processes
 DNA and RNA
STOP & THINK

What are the functions of organic molecules in
cells?
Organic Molecule

Elements
Functions in Cell
Describe how it is possible for so many different
proteins to exist.
STOP & THINK

Describe how it is
possible for so many
different proteins to
exist.

Many foods are
soluble in water so
that you can digest
them. Many parts of
your body are not
soluble in water. Yet
both food and body
parts are made from
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic
acids. How can this
be?
CARBON ATOMS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE

What are the 4 basic types of Organic molecules
found in all living organisms? (Continued)

Proteins
Responsible for almost all of the day-to-day functioning of
organisms
 Provide structure: membranes, hair, skin, muscles, skeleton
 Messengers: convey and receive messages from one cell to
another
 Enable chemical reactions in cells: enzymes


Nucleic Acids
Carry the instructions for all cell processes
 Store and transmit genetic information
