Download Chapter 3: Biochemistry

Chapter 3: Biochemistry
Essential Question: How does function depend on structure?
I. Carbon Compounds
A. Organic compounds: contain carbon atoms that are
covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other atoms
1. Carbon atoms have 4 positions for bonding to 4
other atoms
2. Results in a huge variety of compounds
B. Functional groups:
1. Alcohol: OH is attached to carbon and makes the
molecule polar
2. Some alcohols are needed by organisms to carry out
their life processes
C. Large carbon molecules
1. Monomers:
2. Polymer:
3. Macromolecules:
4. Condensation reaction:
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5. Hydrolysis: using water to break the bonds of
complex molecules
6. ATP (adenosine triphosphate): compound with a
large amount of energy
a) covalent bond breaks and energy
is released
b) energy is used by the cell to drive chemical
reactions
II. Molecules of Life
A. Carbohydrates
1. Function:
2. Monomer: Monosaccharides:
a)
b)
Examples: glucose, fructose, and
galactose
Isomers: same chemical formula but
different shapes
3. Disaccharide:
4. Polysaccharide:
Examples:
a) starch: in plants, glucose is linked together
b) glycogen: in animals, glucose is linked
together
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B. Proteins
1. Function:
2. Monomer: Amino Acids - 20 building blocks of
proteins
a) Central C with COOH group, NH2 group, H,
and one other functional group
b) Differences give different shapes which lead to
different functions
3. Peptide bond:
a) dipeptide: two amino acids
b) polypepide: long chain of amino acids that
form proteins
4. Example: Enzymes (catalysts):
a) Substrate: reactant being catalyzed
b) Enzyme and substrate have shapes that allow
them to fit together
C. Lipids
1. Function:
2. Monomer: Fatty acids-
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a) two ends of the chain are very
different
b) hydrophilic:
c) hydrophobic:
3. Complex lipid examples
a) triglyceride: three molecules of fatty acid
joined to glycerol (animal fat)
b) phopholipds: two fatty aids joined to
glycerol ( cell membrane)
c) wax: long fatty acid chain joined to a long
alcohol chain
4. Steroids:
a) Examples: testosterone and cholesterol
D. Nucleic Acids
1. Function:
2. Monomer: Nucleotides- linked monomers made up
of three parts
a) phosphate group
b) sugar
c) nitrogen base
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3.Examples
a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): contains all the
information for almost all cell activities
b) RNA (ribonucleic acid): stores and transfers
information needed for making proteins
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