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Transcript
Chapter 3: Biochemistry Essential Question: How does function depend on structure? I. Carbon Compounds A. Organic compounds: contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other atoms 1. Carbon atoms have 4 positions for bonding to 4 other atoms 2. Results in a huge variety of compounds B. Functional groups: 1. Alcohol: OH is attached to carbon and makes the molecule polar 2. Some alcohols are needed by organisms to carry out their life processes C. Large carbon molecules 1. Monomers: 2. Polymer: 3. Macromolecules: 4. Condensation reaction: 1 5. Hydrolysis: using water to break the bonds of complex molecules 6. ATP (adenosine triphosphate): compound with a large amount of energy a) covalent bond breaks and energy is released b) energy is used by the cell to drive chemical reactions II. Molecules of Life A. Carbohydrates 1. Function: 2. Monomer: Monosaccharides: a) b) Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose Isomers: same chemical formula but different shapes 3. Disaccharide: 4. Polysaccharide: Examples: a) starch: in plants, glucose is linked together b) glycogen: in animals, glucose is linked together 2 B. Proteins 1. Function: 2. Monomer: Amino Acids - 20 building blocks of proteins a) Central C with COOH group, NH2 group, H, and one other functional group b) Differences give different shapes which lead to different functions 3. Peptide bond: a) dipeptide: two amino acids b) polypepide: long chain of amino acids that form proteins 4. Example: Enzymes (catalysts): a) Substrate: reactant being catalyzed b) Enzyme and substrate have shapes that allow them to fit together C. Lipids 1. Function: 2. Monomer: Fatty acids- 3 a) two ends of the chain are very different b) hydrophilic: c) hydrophobic: 3. Complex lipid examples a) triglyceride: three molecules of fatty acid joined to glycerol (animal fat) b) phopholipds: two fatty aids joined to glycerol ( cell membrane) c) wax: long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain 4. Steroids: a) Examples: testosterone and cholesterol D. Nucleic Acids 1. Function: 2. Monomer: Nucleotides- linked monomers made up of three parts a) phosphate group b) sugar c) nitrogen base 4 3.Examples a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): contains all the information for almost all cell activities b) RNA (ribonucleic acid): stores and transfers information needed for making proteins 5