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Transcript
Social Influences on Behavior Mr. Koch AP Psychology Andover High School How do groups influence our behavior? Deindividuation – Phenomenon when a person becomes “submerged in a group” and loses sense of individuality – Tend to do things would not normally do when alone (feel anonymous) How do groups affect our performance? Social influences on motivation • Norman Triplett (1897) – Noticed bicycle racers tended to go faster when others were present – Experiment – 3 conditions: – Race alone against clock – With another cyclist, but not competing – With another cyclist, in competition • Result: went faster with another cyclist, regardless of competition – Found similar results in experiment with adolescents winding fishing reels • Robert Zajonc – “Social facilitation” vs. “Social impairment” • Presence of others increases general level of arousal • Arousal increases tendency to perform behaviors that are most dominant (the ones we know best) – Improves performance for easy, familiar tasks – Performance may suffer for hard, unfamiliar tasks • “Social Loafing” – Exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone – Harder to evaluate the performance of individuals when in group – Rewards may come to group regardless of individual giving more effort – Group’s rewards usually divided equally rather than by effort How do groups influence our decision-making? • Group polarization – Interaction and discussion of individuals in a group with similar beliefs/attitudes tends to make these beliefs/attitudes more extreme • “risky shift” and “conservative shift” • Groupthink – A pattern of thinking in which group members fail to realistically evaluate the wisdom of various options and decisions – Likely when place higher value on reaching decision/consensus than assuring decision is right – Best way to avoid is by encouraging diverse perspectives and dissent to be expressed Conformity • Changing one’s behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined, though unspoken group pressure – Compliance – adjusting ones behavior because of an explicit or implicit request Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study • Subjects asked to pick which of 3 lines was same size as standard line – Didn’t realize that other subjects in panels were confederates – On 6 trials, confederates would choose the correct answer – But on 12 of the trials, created “social reality” by all choosing the wrong line Asch’s Conformity Study • Control condition – less than 1% of participants ever made a mistake • Experimental condition – about 70% made at least one error by conforming to the group norm • Conformed on over 1/3 of all responses • Why did they conform? – Public conformity • Didn’t believe, but saw it as socially desirable thing to do – Private acceptance • Saw others’ responses as legitimate evidence of reality, were convinced their own perceptions were wrong, and changed their minds Asch Conformity Study Factors influencing conformity • Ambiguity – When something is less certain, rely more on other’s opinions • Group Size and Unanimity – More powerful at 3 people or more – If even one person disagrees, greatly reduces conformity (<10% in Asch study) • • • • • Social Status Prior commitment Culture that promotes importance of social standards Research has shown no legitimate gender-based differences “Minority influence” – much more rare, but can be powerful